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Fall of Rome – Rise of Byzantium
3rd c. AD - Roman Empire declines Many sources diminish Roman power:
Too large Huge militia, expensive to maintain Discontent, treason Barbarian invasions Christianity rising
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Rome Splits
Because the empire is too large, it is split in 284 A.D. to make governing easier New Rome is in the East Old Rome is in the West Each has two rulers
The 4 co-rulers: called the “Tetrarchs”
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Empire Divided
Permanent split develops in: Politics & religion
The East prospers It came to be know as the Byzantine Empire or
Byzantium (Istanbul today) It is a great port of trade and commerce
The West declines “Old Rome”
• Barbarian invasions, chaos, disintegraton
Click here to find out more about the Byzantine Empire
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Roman Emperor Constantine
Ruled 306 – 337 AD 312 AD - defeats co-ruler
Becomes Christian
313 AD - Edict of Milan New law ends Christian
persecution allows religious freedom
324 AD - Constantine reunites east and west into one empire
Colossal statue of Constantine
Head = 8 ½’ high x 6’ wide; 8 tonswww.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Eastern Empire
Byzantium 330 - 1453 AD Seaport
East & West meet here Crossroads for trade Great prosperity Luxury
Cultural exchange Exotic Theatrical imperial court
Click here to learn what it would be like to visit the spectacular court of an imperial Byzantine Emperor.
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Greece
Italy
Turkey
www.medialab.ntua.gr/athos/uk/mones/moni11.htm
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Constantine Builds Churches
In the West: “Early Christian” architecture
• e.g. Basilica of St. Peter - “Old Saint Peter’s” 319-329• Near Rome – but not the St. Peter’s that is at the Vatican today
www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Basilica-di-San-Pietro-1450.jpg
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Constantine Builds Churches
In the East: “Byzantine” architecture
“Domed cross”
• e.g. Santa Costanza, Rome c. 350
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San Lorenzo 4th century - Milan
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Emperor Justinian
Emperor in 527 imperial expansion Byzantine cultural peak
Builds churches San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy
• Famous mosaics
Haghia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)• Burned in 532 and rebuilt
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Empress Theodora
Theodora mosaik ravenna.jpg
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San Vitale “Domed Cross” plan Octagonal core
www.lanecc.edu/artad/ArtHistoryProgram/12-6-9.htm m www.contracosta.cc.ca.us/Art/Images/Byzantine
ca 532/3 - 548
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Mosaics
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
In the center of the apse against a gold background, Christ in imperial dress sits on a globe. Archangels on his right and left present St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius, under whom the church was begun.
APSE S. Vitale, Ravenna, Italy 532/3-548
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The Polykandelon
A wrought metal candle holder (polykandelon) with places for several candles was used to light the churches.
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Rebuilding the Haghia Sophia
Public unrest with taxes leads to a riot, fire in 532 Empress Theodora, convinces
Justinian to stay Justinian rebuilds (532 - 565)
New Haghia Sophia awe inspiring Most splendid for a millenium New technology
Empress Theodora
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Haghia Sophia Churchwww.byzantines.net/byzcathculture/images/hagiasophia_fl.jpg
532 – 537 AD
Anthemics of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, theoretical men with no architectural training, designed the church.
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Haghia Sophia Dome
Dome over square = symbol of heaven over earth Dome allows open interior space Light flows in through 40 windows – for the 40 days and
nights that Christ spent in the desert
http://w4u.eexi.gr/~ippotis/sumagiasen.htmlwww.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Haghia Sophia Dome
• Dome is 107 feet in diameter • Turkish decoration covers original
surfacewww.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Haghia Sophia Dome
Columns support the dome Space between can be pierced
with windows Shafts of LIGHT pour in
http://w4u.eexi.gr/~ippotis/sumagiasen.html
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Today - Haghia Sophia Mosque
www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Travel/MiddleEast/SuleymaniyeCamii.jpg
4 minarets added after the Muslim conquest in 1453
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Haghia Sophia Interior
Architecture is revolutionary Influenced design for 1,000 years Huge volume of space
Filled with light Space and light are the key elements
www.teslasociety.com/haghiasophia.htm
Interior size = 230’ x 250’4 arches stand for the 4 directions of world3 windows in the apse represent the Trinity
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The PendentiveSupport
Dome weight supported by:- Interior pendentives: carry downward pressure
- Exterior buttresses: carry sideways (lateral) pressure
www.fordham.edu/halsall/ikon/rice2.gif
Cross Section View
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The PendentiveCurved triangular support
allows a round dome to rest on a square base
www.wsu.edu/~ymhodges/pendome.html
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Haghia Sophia Interior
Pendentive
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Haghia Sophia Interior
Pendentives carry the weight of the dome This allows walls to be
pierced with windows
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Haghia Sophia Mosaics
Every inch of wall is covered with beautiful
mosaics – scenes from the bible or life of Christ.
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
Presbyterium Wall
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Mosaics
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
When Muslims take over the church they plaster over the mosaics as they fear idolatry. Some of the plaster
has been removed in areas open to tourists.
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Mosaics
www.hitit.co.uk/regions/Istanbul/ayasof.html
Cover church walls
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Byzantine Column Capitals
Pierced carving Looks like lace Islamic influence
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)
Byzantine capital - 1889 drawing
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Column Capitals
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Byzantine Capitals
Byzantine Capital
http://www.castle-vianden.lu/english/visit/index.html
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Byzantine Influence The Russian Onion Dome comes
from Byzantine influence
Smolensk
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com Byzantine Russian
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The Church of Spilled Blood-St. Petersburg,
Russia
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Byzantine Thrones
Ac.byzantine1.jpg www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Byzantine Thrones
www.biblenews.org/images/Ivory_throne.jpg
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Byzantine ThroneCarved ivory throne of
Archbishop Maximilian c.547
Panel showing Joseph with his brothers -note footstoolwww.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
Carved in the early 6th century, it is the only chair to survive nearly intact from the Early Christian and Byzantine periods. The wooden frame is covered with finely carved ivory panels depicting the life of Christ and Joseph. It is surrounded by ornamental borders. In the center under the seat is the bishop’s monogram. The chair was a gift from Justinian.
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Byzantine Thronewww.mediastorehouse.com/pictures_596002/676/2/BYZANTINE-THRONE.html
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Byzantine Seating
This royal throne holds the open Book of the Evangelists. Nearby the emperor and church elders
meet in council.
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
St. Luke the Evangelist, Mid-10th c
Wicker Barrel Chair, writing desk and footstool
Byzantine Seating
Jeweled throne for the Book of Laws
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Byzantine Couch
Christ & the apostles are reclining to dine in the ancient custom. This mosaic from Saint Apollinare Nuevo, Ravenna (532-549) depicts the Last Supper.
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
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Jeweled Byzantine Bed with Cushions
www.SlidePresentationsPublishers.com
The emperor reclines in a low box-type bed. Side panels and uprights are decorated with jewels; short legs are molded. The thick mattress is probably supported with cords. On top is a large pillow.
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Contemporary “Byzantine”Furnishings
This lavish furniture in a designer showroom reflects the influence from the Byzantine era.Inlay is ivory and mother of pearl
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Contemporary Byzantine Influence
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Local Byzantine Architecture
St. Thomas the Apostle, Gilbert, AZ
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Local Byzantine Architecture
St. Anthony’s Monastery, Florence, AZ
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St. Anthony’s Monastery
http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/
St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery is a monastic community for men in Florence, Arizona. It was founded in 1995 by six Athonite monks along with Elder Ephraim, and has grown to approximately 42 monks. The monastery also provides
training for other Greek Orthodox monasteries in America.
Monks at St. Anthony’s Monastery pursue the monastic tradition of a Christ-centered life of prayer.
Both men and women are welcome to visit as pilgrims.
If you are interested in visiting, you can get more information at:http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/visitorpilgrimguide.php
Directions are at this website:http://www.stanthonysmonastery.org/visitordirections.php
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St. Anthony’s Monastery
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Finis