Feb. 2009.Feb. 2009.
Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D.Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D.
Center for Teaching & LearningCenter for Teaching & Learning
Seoul National University, KoreaSeoul National University, Korea
1Higher Education in Korea
South Korea at a Glance
Higher Education in Korea 2
Area: 99.6 K Sq. Km (107th)
Population: 48 Million (27th)
Economy and ICT (World rank)
- OECD member economy in 1996
- Economy (11th)
- Broadband diffusion (2nd)
- Home PC diffusion (3rd)
- Internet use 78%
- Average hours of internet use 13.7 hr/week
Education in General
Socio-cultural context
- Homogeneity of Korean society: prevalence of the egalitarian ideal- Homogeneity of Korean society: prevalence of the egalitarian ideal
- Confusion tradition: meritocracy, “education fever” - Confusion tradition: meritocracy, “education fever”
Formal Education
- Primary(6) - Middle(3) - High School(3) – Universities/Colleges(4)- Primary(6) - Middle(3) - High School(3) – Universities/Colleges(4)
- Primary & Secondary: 10,948 schools, 7.8M students, 389K teachers - Primary & Secondary: 10,948 schools, 7.8M students, 389K teachers
- Universities/Colleges: 376 institutions, 3.5M students, 60K+ FT - Universities/Colleges: 376 institutions, 3.5M students, 60K+ FT
teachersteachers
Non-formal Education & Training
- Public/private job training institutions; private tutoring institutions,
adult education centers; in-plant training institutions, etc.
Higher Education in Korea 4
Budget
5
One year budget (2008) : 35.9 trillion Korean won
: 5.06% of the GNP
: 19.6% of total Government budget
the Biggest portion
: Elementary & Secondary Education 86.2%
: Higher Education 12.3%
Types of Higher Education Institutions
Higher Education in Korea 8
University
Industrial University
University of Education
Junior College
Open University
Technical College
College in the Company
Cyber College & University
Miscellaneous Schools Others
Enrollment rate 70.5% (2008)
Types of Higher Education Institutions
Higher Education in Korea 9
Junior College(2 or 3 yr)
13 national/public, 139 private
817,994 studentsin 152 Junior colleges (2006)
University(4 yr)
2,434,112 students in 221 colleges and universities (2006)
43 national/public, 178 private 6 year program : medicine, oriental medicine, dentistry
Others(4 yr)
1 Broadcast & Correspondence University (300,000 enrollments each year) 18 Cyber Colleges & Universities (28,000 newly entrance each year)
EliteElite MassMass UniversalUniversal
Statistics
Enrollment Rate
10 %
30 %
50 %
70 %
13Higher Education in Korea
Statistics
International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 25-34
14Higher Education in Korea
Statistics
International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 55-64
15Higher Education in Korea
Statistics
Advancement Rate: High School Higher Education (Total)
30 %
50 %
70 %
90 %
16Higher Education in Korea
Statistics
Advancement Rate: High School Higher Education
General High School Higher Education
Vocational High School Higher Education
17Higher Education in Korea
Statistics
Number of Students in Higher Education Institutions by Field of Study (2008)
18Higher Education in Korea
Statistics
Employment Rate of the Graduates of Higher Education Institutions by Year
19Higher Education in Korea
Statistics
Higher Education in Korea 22
University Graduates by Field of Study (%)
* Source : Education at a Glance (OECD Indicators, 2002)
Education Humanities & Art
Social Sciences, Business,
Law
Services Engineer-ing, Manu-facturing
Agri-culture
Health & Welfare
Physical sciences
KoreaKorea 5.2 21.4 22.3 2.9 27.4 2.6 7.1 3.5
U.S.A.U.S.A. 13.2 14.4 41.4 3.5 6.3 2.3 9.6 1.4
GermanyGermany 8.0 14.7 27.4 1.8 17.6 1.9 15.2 5.0
HungaryHungary 20.0 8.7 38.7 8.4 9.1 3.7 8.5 0.7
PolandPoland 11.5 6.5 40.0 3.6 7.3 1.7 1.9 1.2
Statistics
The Rank of Korea’s Major Universities in International Evaluation (The Times)
24Higher Education in Korea
Trajectory of Educational Expansion
Higher Education in Korea 26
* Trow, “Forms and Phases of Higher Education”: Elite(<15%) → Mass(15-50) → Universal(>55%)
Step-by-step attainment of universal education:
primary → secondary → higher education
110
-10
10
30
50
70
90
1970 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2003 2005 2006
Primary Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Tertiary
Elite Mass Universal
Mobilization of Private Resources
Higher Education in Korea 27
< Private School Enrollment Share(2006) >
74.6
48.1
18.7
1.2
25.4
51.9
81.3
98.8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Universities/Colleges
High Schools
Middle Schools
Primary Schools
Private National/Public
(Unit: %)
Shrinking School Pop. Amidst Ageing
Higher Education in Korea 28
LowFertility Ageing
Total fertility rate No. of birth
Proportion, over 65 and 75 No. of the elderly
College Admission Dominates K-12 Education
College-Entrance-Driven System
- Extreme competition at high schools to enter top 4~5 universities
obstructing the well-rounded growth of students
→ Inordinate expansion of private education aggravating equity imbalance between different SES groups (private education costs: 1.9% of GDP in 2002)
→ Large volumes of study abroad leading to educational trade deficit
Higher Education in Korea 29
Increasing “Education Exodus”
Higher Education in Korea 30
’97’97 ’99’99 ’01’01 ’03’03 ’04’04
CountriesCountries 6969 7171 7272 7373 8383
# Students# Students 133,249133,249 120,170120,170 149,933149,933 159,903159,903 187,683187,683
’05’05
8686
192,254192,254
Korean Students Studying Abroad
* Foreign student share in the U.S.(2006): Korea 93,728/ India 76,708/ China 60,850
’01’01 ’02’02 ’03’03 ’04’04 ’05*’05*
ExportsExports 10.810.8 16.916.9 14.814.8 15.915.9 10.210.2
ImportsImports 1,070.01,070.0 1,426.61,426.6 1,854.71,854.7 2,493.82,493.8 3,371.43,371.4
Trade Deficit in Education
(Unit : million US$)(Unit : million US$)
Excess supply in graduate students
Higher Education in Korea 31
Unemployment rate (engineering) : 9.8%(’97) 16.6%(’03)139 of 200 4-year universities offer doctoral degree
AssociateAssociate Bachelor Bachelor Master Master DoctorateDoctorate
53%53% 19%19% 20%20% 8%8%
44%44% 4%4% 13%13% 39%39%KoreaKorea
U SU S
HE is not pertinent enoughHE is not pertinent enough
Higher Education in Korea 32
Extent of dissatisfaction: CEO’s view on HE
87%Practice&field exp
75%Creativity
68%Field experience
offaculty
70%instructions
72%CurriculumFederation of Korean
Industries, 2002.
24.131.6
26.727.9
15.815.0
33.325.4
Jr.CollegeUniversity
Well Matched
Matched MismatchedBadly Mismatched
Source: Office of Statistics, 2003
(%)Mismatch between jobs and majors
Stakeholders are disconnectedStakeholders are disconnected
Higher Education in Korea 33
Limited university-industry partnership Low mobility between academia and business University portion of industry's R&D investment: 2.4%(’00) → 1.7% (’03) (MOST, ‘04)
Low commercialization of university-based IPRs Patent share (90~’01) : universities 0.5%,
companies 78.8%, research institutes 2.9%, individuals 17.8%
Un-coordinated financial support to universities Duplication of funding for the same purpose by
several line ministries
HE is not prepared for an aging HE is not prepared for an aging populationpopulation
Higher Education in Korea 34
<Source : National Statistical Office>
Major strategiesMajor strategies
Higher Education in Korea 36
Minimum regulations to maintain social solidarity college admission policies with the “three-Nos” policy (no
entrance exam, no use of HS ranking, no admission with donations)
Promotion of restructuring and competition through market discipline use of various incentives and disincentives
Funding based on “selection and concentration” targeted funding for specialization and regional parity
Financing learners rather than providers learner-oriented/demand-side financing (student loans)
Improvement of HE/labor market information manpower forcasting and assessment of skill requirements
Enhancement of networking and partnerships with local governments and business community
Major Performance-based Funding Programs
1st-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘99~‘05, US$ 1.4billion) - Enhanced university research capacity; induced competition
※ ※ Number of BK21 science & tech SCI-level papers: 3,765(‘98) Number of BK21 science & tech SCI-level papers: 3,765(‘98) 7,947(‘05) 7,947(‘05)
2nd-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘06~‘12, US$ 2.3billion) - Cultivate 20,000 graduate-level best brains per year ※ ※ 74 universities, 244 project units, 325 project teams(06, US$ 74 universities, 244 project units, 325 project teams(06, US$
290million)290million)
New University for Regional Innovation (‘04~‘08, US$ 1.2billion)
- Specialize local universities; skill formation for local industry ※ ※ 109 local universities, 130 project units 109 local universities, 130 project units
“Connect Korea” Project (‘06~‘10, US$ 150million) - Strengthen partnership b/w universities and industry - Establish consortiums b/w university TLOs(Technology Licensing Offices)
Higher Education in Korea 37
Higher Education in Korea 38
Cultivate high-quality research human resources by nurturing
world class research universities and regional graduate schools of excellence
Goal
Brain Korea 21 Project: efforts for improving the quality of higher education
Outline
.
Higher Education in Korea 39
Brain Korea 21 Project: efforts for improving the quality of higher education
Visible result : Research atmosphere
Higher Education in Korea 40
Give a boost to regional economy by nurturing qualified human resources
of regional university graduates through specialized education programs
Goal
NURI Project
: New University for Regional Innovation
1.2 trillion KRW is to be invested over a period of five years (2004~2008)
Outline
131 project teams, 190,000 students
109 regional universities are currently participating as of 2006
Governance Reform of Public & Private HEIs
Higher Education in Korea 41
Public/national universities : promote autonomy through incorporation
Decisions making – by staff & faculty Meetings,Ministry of Ed., Congress
Indirect election (based on candidate’s track record on management capacity)
Direct election by facultymembers (weight on faculty opinion)
Incorporated NU SystemIncorporated NU System
GovernanceGovernance
President President ElectionElection
Current NU SystemCurrent NU System
Decision-making by Boardcomposed of persons from in and out of the university
Private universities : increase transparency through participation of external experts in the management
- appointing qualified external people on the Board of Trustees
Facilitation of university-industry Facilitation of university-industry partnershipspartnerships
Higher Education in Korea 42
“Connect Korea” Project• Establishing Consortium between TLOs (Technology
Licensing Offices) in Universities• Connection between Demand (Industry) and Supply
(University)• R&D and Tech. Development → Transfer Results/Products
→ Commercialization → Reinvest in Technology Development
• Dissemination of best practices
Researchers
Prospective R&D Results
Purchase R&D Products
Connect(TLO)
Connect(TLO)
Firms, Investors