Different Powers
• Enumerated– 17 powers in I, 8– Art. VI—Supremacy Clause
• Implied– I, 8– “Make all laws which shall be necessary and proper
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers”
• Reserved– 10th Amendment
Era 1: National Rules (1789-1865)
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)– Jefferson v. Hamilton– 1791, 1811, 1816
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)• Calhoun and Nullification• Dred Scott (1857)– Missouri Compromise
Era 2: Dual Federalism (1865-1937)
• Industrial Revolution Business• State supremacy with race• Business supremacy with commerce• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)• Commerce clause problems– Transportation v. manufacture
• FDR and the New Deal– 1937 Supreme Court proposal– Owen Roberts: Switch in time that saved nine
Today
• Trends– Expansion of national authority– Devolution
• Cooperative federalism• Funding, administration, determination
So How Have We Devolved?
• Republican Revolution– Reduce unfunded mandates– Welfare Reform Act (1996)
• United States v. Lopez (1995)• Printz v. United States (1997)