Download - Feed Manual Review Workshop Report
Review of “Feeding dairy cattle” manual for
promoting feeds and feeding strategies to
dairy farmers in East Africa
Workshop report
Compiled by Ben Lukuyu
September 2008
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Contents
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Review process ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Workshop process .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Results ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
Comments on the list of extension materials ............................................................................................. 6
Identification of gaps in content of the manual ......................................................................................... 6
Proposed outline of the second-edition manual ...................................................................................... 11
Review of the title .................................................................................................................................... 13
Detailed description of proposed content of the second-edition manual ............................................... 13
General plenary discussion of all topics on the workshop agenda .......................................................... 25
Conclusion and way forward ........................................................................................................................ 28
Annex 1: List of participants ......................................................................................................................... 30
Annex 2: List of extension materials compiled by EADD for use by farmers (July 2008) ............................. 32
Annex 3: Workshop program ....................................................................................................................... 40
Annex 4: Group exercise 1 — Review of extension materials ...................................................................... 42
Annex 5: Group exercise 2 — Identification of gaps in content ................................................................... 43
Annex 6: Group exercise 3 — Revision of title and chapter/topic sequence ............................................... 44
Annex 7: Group exercise 4 — Detailed subject description ......................................................................... 45
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Abbreviations
ABS American Breeding Service
AEZ Agro-ecological zone
ASPS Agricultural Sector Program Support
CIMMYT International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre
CPP Crop Protection Program
DDP Dairy Development Project
DFID Department for International Development
EADD East African Dairy Development
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GoK Government of Kenya
ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
ILCA International Livestock Centre for Africa
ILRI International Livestock Research Institute
IPACOP Integrated Partnerships for Community Prosperity
KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
LPP Livestock production program
MOLDM Ministry of Livestock Development and Marketing
NALIRRI National Livestock Resources Research Institute
NARL National Agricultural Research Laboratories
NARO National Agricultural Research Organization
NARS National Agricultural Research System(s)
NGO Non-governmental organization
NPN Non-protein nitrogen
NRI Natural Resources Institute
ODA Overseas Development Administration
SACRED Sustainable Agriculture Centre for Research Extension and Development in Africa
SDP Smallholder Dairy Project
TMR Total mixed ration
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Summary
A workshop was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya from 21 to 22 August 2008 to review a Feeding dairy cattle
manual for promoting feeds and feeding strategies to smallholder farmers and extension workers in East
Africa. The manual was produced by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) for the Kenya
Dairy Development Project. The workshop participants came from Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda and
comprised representatives from the extension service, research organizations, universities, the private
sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), training institutions and the East African Dairy
Development (EADD) project.
Prior to the workshop, the participants were required to review the manual, identify gaps in content and
suggest possible sources of the missing information. Participants were also given a list of extension
materials on feeds and feeding, and were required to identify the most useful materials for dairy farmers
in the region.
The workshop was conducted in a participatory manner and covered the following main topics:
� review of the manual and list of extension materials
� identification of gaps in the content of the manual
� restructuring the content of the manual and suggestion of amendments
� formation of a review taskforce to lead the production and distribution of the revised manual
The main outcome of the workshop was a harmonized list of identified gaps, a proposed new structure for
the manual and suggestions on how to make the manual more concise without loss of key information.
The next steps will be to collate the information, edit and rework the current version of the manual and
publish the revised version. The revised manual will then be pre-tested by selected stakeholders before
being launched for use by smallholder dairy farmers.
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Introduction
A workshop was conducted at ILRI’s Nairobi campus from 21 to 22 August 2008 to review a Feeding dairy
cattle manual for promoting more effective feeding strategies to smallholder farmers and extension
workers in East Africa. The manual was produced by ILRI for the Kenya Dairy Development Project.
ILRI was the venue of choice because of its adequate workshop facilities and quiet conducive
environment. Workshop participants came from Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda (see Annex 1 for a list of
participants) and were drawn from the private sector, government extension service, NGOs, research
organizations, universities and farmer groups. Most of the participants were from Kenya, given the choice
of venue and cost considerations. Other participants were team members of the EADD project on feeds
and feeding strategies.
Review process
The manual was reviewed in two stages; the first stage took place before the workshop while the second
was during the workshop itself. In the first stage, the manual and a list of extension materials compiled by
the EADD project (see Annex 2) were mailed to anticipated workshop participants for their perusal. Based
on a set of guidelines, the reviewers were required to identify gaps in the content of the manual and
prioritize which extension materials needed to be reproduced for the project. They submitted their
comments to the workshop facilitators, Ben Lukuyu and Julius Nyangaga, in advance so that a harmonized
list could be drawn up and used as the basis of discussions during the workshop.
Workshop process
The workshop participants were divided into four groups, ensuring a balanced mix of countries and
stakeholders. The program of the workshop is in Annex 3. The workshop adopted a participatory
approach and covered the following main topics:
� identification of gaps in the list of extension materials
� review of the manual and identification of gaps in content
� restructuring the content of the manual and suggestion of amendments
� formation of a taskforce to lead the production and distribution of the revised manual
The two facilitators were present during the group discussions to answer questions about the activity
questionnaires and provide focus to the discussions. The facilitators had agreed beforehand to intervene
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as little as possible in the discussions so as not to bias or influence the review process. After the first day
of the workshop, the facilitators reviewed the day’s outcome and made necessary adjustments to the
timetable for the following day.
The demonstration of a dairy toolbox by Margaret Lukuyu was not included in the timetable since it was
planned to be scheduled ‘on demand’ and was mainly intended only for those participants who were
interested in its content and use. The project offered to provide copies of the dairy toolbox to all
participants for use in the field.
Results
Initially, it was planned that participants would review the list of extension materials (Group exercise 1 in
Annex 4) independently of identifying gaps in content of the manual (Group exercise 2 in Annex 5).
However, participants opted to combine these two exercises into a general group discussion. The
outcome of the discussion is summarized below.
Comments on the list of extension materials
� The current list is too complex for smallholder farmers and frontline extension officers to use. It
needs to be re-categorized and rearranged for easy use.
� Is it possible to translate the list and the manual into local languages so that the documents are
more user-friendly?
� How can the materials in the list be accessed?
Identification of gaps in content of the manual
The following points were identified as missing information that needs to be included in the manual:
� Qualities of a good dairy cow
� Effect of contaminated livestock feed on milk quality
� Detailed guidelines on urea treatment of straw
� Prevention and control of cattle pests and diseases
� Value addition in dairy products
� Conversion of animal waste into energy (biogas)
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General comments
� Illustrations should be replaced with captioned photographs
� Use a dissemination approach, e.g. formation of farmer groups
� The glossary should be placed at the end of the manual
� The current binding of the manual is not user-friendly
� The contribution of the workshop participants should be acknowledged in the manual
Group 1
� Which is guide no. 1 since the current is no. 2?
� Include extensive systems of dairy production (production of milk from pasture)
� Include examples of home-made dairy meal and mineral mixtures
� Give examples of the Pearson square calculations
� Improvement of natural pastures
� How to keep economic records
� Pasture seed production at the farm
� Mention anti-nutrient factors (maximum inclusion levels)
� More details and illustrations required on conservation of forages (pages 48 and 49)
� Feeding of conserved material to different classes
� Off-flavours from milk
� Feed storage (crop by-products, legumes, standing hay, Napier)
� Important forage pests and diseases
� Dry matter yields in different zones
� Use of crop residues (kale) and treatment
� Explain the different varieties of Napier (yield)
� Physical evaluation of hay quality
� More details required on the most common concentrates (energy and protein)
� Include TMR (total mixed ration)
� Feeding at different stages of lactation (phase feeding)
� Explain challenges in feeding
� Include weights of commonly used measures, e.g. gorogoro, wheelbarrow, 20-litre container,
gunia etc.
� Replace drawings with photographs
� Include a photograph of a zero-grazing structure
� Add pictorial representation of the concept of dry matter
� Page 38: cost and quality of ingredients and price of milk when making home-made concentrates
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� Concept of maximum production vs. maximum profit
� Monitoring of growth vs. age in heifers
� Formulation of concentrates for calves
� Cost of keeping bull calves
� Alternative feed for calves (artificial and stored colostrum, milk replacer e.g. gruel)
� Use of body condition as an indicator gap in feeding
Group 3
Topics
1. On page 39
� Need to have an explicit guide on how to mix rations
� Expand the list of feed resources/ingredients to accommodate resources from all East
African countries
� Use local measuring units e.g. buckets, wheelbarrows
� Give feeding guidelines
� Include costing
2. Calf feeding: use of artificial colostrum and milk replacements
3. General feeding of the cow: Is there a simple guide on how much to feed, e.g. according to
weight, production, gestation, resources available, dry matter content etc.?
4. Growing of other forage legumes or supplementary feeds e.g. Mucuna, Dolichos, high-altitude
crops
5. Include growing and management of more basal forages e.g. natural pastures, sorghum
6. Record keeping: simple farm-based guide on cost-benefit analysis
7. Body conditioning: Using body conditioning scores and weighing band
8. Guideline on feed budgeting and planning
9. Use of Molasses Urea Nutrient block
10. Emerging feeding techniques: Small section on bypass proteins, rumen microbes
supplementation, magnets etc.
11. Preparation of leaf meal (fodder shrubs)
12. Pasture seed production: as a sub-topic in the specific forage
Photos and illustrations
1. Pages 48 and 49: Sequence is not clear.
2. Address gender issues e.g. can a woman participate in silage making?
3. Coloured photos of basal forages for clear identification.
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4. Illustrations of cows should be black and white.
5. Where should the cow be local, exotic or Ankole?
What needs to be adjusted?
1. Glossary: Harmonize the term ‘forage’; what is the second ‘forage’ meant to be?
2. Glossary: Complete ‘Supplementary’
3. Title of Chapter 2: ‘Why cows eat grass’
4. Diagram of the ruminant
5. Use ‘balanced feed rations’ instead of the term ‘balanced diet’
6. The last sentence on page 31 is incomplete
7. Calliandra: Also state that you can harvest and store in form of leaf meal
Possible sources of information
1. Local institutions
2. Farmers
3. Local and international NGOs
4. National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)
Group 4
Title
� Handbook on feeding dairy cattle in East Africa
o Coloured photograph of a dairy animal being fed on high-value fodder; farmer chopping
and feeding
� Glossary: need clear definitions, e.g.
o Bloat
o Nutrients or feed nutrients?
o Bulk forages vs. forages
o Fodders: mention high production per unit area
o Hay: distinguish baled, loose and standing forms
Topic 1
� Introduction (page 1-4)
� Improve explanation on the justification for and economic importance of dairy production, e.g.
information on government policy on dairy production; livelihood contribution
� Use colour photographs rather than drawings
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� Topic on ruminants is highly academic; simplify and use an analogy of a factory, i.e. illustrate the
input-output process of feeding ruminants
� Benefits of dairying; crop-livestock integration
Topic 2
� Feed requirements for different categories of the dairy herd
o Merge topics 3, 4 and 7
o Merge information by dairy cattle category: calves, heifers, cows; lactating or dry etc.
� Refer: FN Muyekho, CW Mwendia and F Lusweti. An advisory booklet for extension workers.
KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute. Page 18-22
Topic 3
� Page 18: Recommendations of different forages for major agro-ecological zones (AEZs) are not
exhaustive
o UM4 recommendations — varieties
o See recommendations from institutions, e.g. KARI, NARO, ILRI, ICRAF etc.
� Refer: FN Muyekho, CW Mwendia and F Lusweti. An advisory booklet for extension workers.
KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute.
Topic 4
� Establishment and management of major forages
o Not exhaustive
� Refer: FN Muyekho, F Lusweti, DT Cheruiyot, F Gitahi, J Kung’u and C Kute. Forage crops for
western Kenya. KARI. Refer other countries.
Topic 5
� Coping with feed shortage and dry-season feeding
o Structures for drying hay missing
� Refer: F Lusweti, FN Muyekho, JN Kamau, DT Cheruiyot, F Gitahi, J Kung’u and C Kute. Coping with
feed shortages during the dry season. KARI. Refer other countries.
Topic 6
� On-farm formulation of dairy cattle rations
o Examples of formulations by weight of animal and production level
o Diets using locally available materials
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o Cost of ration
o Note: always start mixing your ration with smaller quantities of ingredients
o Table 8: include more feed resources
� Refer: FN Muyekho, CW Mwendia and F Lusweti. An advisory booklet for extension workers.
KARI/DFID NARP II. Other countries to contribute. Page 23-30.
Topic 7
� Challenges
o Major forage diseases: farmers should know how to manage Napier stunting disease
and smut
o Fodder for cold- and frost-prone areas
o Varieties for waterlogged areas
o Push-and-pull
Proposed outline of the second-edition manual
After identifying gaps in content and proposing a new document outline, each of the four groups then
developed a harmonized outline for the second-edition manual. The four proposed outlines (see Table 1)
were discussed in a plenary session, with input from all participants (Group exercise 3 in Annex 6).
Table 1: Proposed outlines of the second-edition manual
Group 1 Group 2
� Introduction
� Qualities of a good dairy cow
� Housing
� Feeds and feeding
� Diseases and their control
� Value addition(clean milk production and processing)
� Conversion of waste matter into energy(biogas)
� Record keeping and gross margins
� Dissemination approaches
� Conclusion
� Glossary
� Introduction
� Nutrients: Energy, protein, minerals and water
� Feed resources: forages, concentrates, mineral
sources
� Concept of a balanced diet
� Feeding of calves
� Feeding of heifers
� Feeding of cows
Group 3 Group 4
� Chapter 1: Introduction
� Chapter 2: Dairy cattle rearing systems
� Chapters 3 & 4 of the current manual could be
combined as they seem to address the same issue
� Chapter 8: Fodder production and management;
concentrates
� Chapter 9: Coping with feeding during drought
� Appendix: List of common feeds and their nutrient
contents
� Introduction
� Feed requirements for different categories of the
dairy herd
� Recommendations of different forages for major
AEZs in the region
� Establishment and management of major forages
� Coping with feed shortage and dry-season feeding
� On-farm formulation of dairy cattle rations
� Emerging feed challenges
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Participants were asked to ensure that the content satisfied the livestock production and feeding systems
in their respective countries. The facilitators guided the discussion to ensure that the manual was adapted
not only to the project area but to East Africa as a whole. The harmonized outline is shown below:
1. Introduction
• Paragraph on a good cow – without going into details
• The ruminant digestive system – simple, illustrative (cow as factory)
2. Nutrients: Energy, protein, minerals and water
3. Feed resources
• Forages
i. Grazing systems, AEZs, fodders, crop residues, conservation, emerging feeds
etc.
ii. On-farm seed production
• Concentrates
• Mineral sources
• Ration formulation
i. Concept of a balanced diet
ii. Ration formulation (Pearsons square)
iii. Feed budgeting and planning/costs
4. Feeding of calves
• Requirements and strategies
5. Feeding of heifers
• Requirements and strategies
6. Feeding of cows
• Requirements and strategies
7. Challenges
8. Glossary
9. Appendix
• Recommendation domain maps
• Measuring units
• Weight conversion table
• Body condition scoring
• List of common feeds, nutrient content and nutritive value
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Review of the title
In view of the proposed changes to the outline of the manual, participants were asked to review the
current title and suggest any changes. Due to limited time, the plenary session did not reach a consensus
on what the new title should be. However, it was agreed that the review taskforce would also agree on
the new title, based on the four titles proposed by the groups (see Table 2).
Table 2: Proposed titles of the second-edition manual
Group Proposed title Comments
1 Dairy cattle management —
2 Feeds and feeding dairy cattle: A manual for dairy
farmers and extension workers in East Africa
Cover picture of a well-constructed
dairy unit
3 Feeding dairy cattle manual: A manual for
smallholder dairy farmers and extension workers
in East Africa (no change to current title)
—
4 Handbook on feeding dairy cattle in East Africa Coloured cover photograph of a dairy
animal being fed on high-value fodder;
farmer chopping and feeding
Detailed description of proposed content of the second-edition manual
After developing the revised document outline, the groups then came up with a detailed description of
the content of the second-edition manual. This included tables, illustrations, photographs, references etc.
that the participants felt should be included in the revised manual (Group exercise 4 in Annex 7). The
exercise was carried out in groups as follows:
� Group 1: Introduction and glossary
� Group 2: Feeding of calves, heifers and cows
� Group 3: Nutrients and appendix
� Groups 3 and 4: Feed resources and feeding challenges
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Below are the results of group exercise 4 (chapter headings and sub-headings).
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Importance of dairying
� Already mentioned in the current manual; expand to East Africa
Qualities of a good cow
� A photograph of a good cow – taken locally
� Characteristics, traits and features of economic importance
� Milk production and longevity: A good quality cow should have sustained high milk productivity
� Udder: Well attached (udder cleft) e.g. fore udder attachment (additional tissue for milk
production)
� Rump width: Indicates the addition of milk-producing tissues
� Open ribs: Indicate room for rumen capacity
� Size (stature) of animal and feed requirements
The ruminant digestive system
� What is a ruminant? Ruminants are animals that graze on grass or browse on leaves and chew
the cud e.g. cattle, sheep, goats etc.
� The digestive system of a ruminant is different from that of other animals (e.g. dogs, pigs) and
humans because it is divided into four chambers, each with a specific function. The most
important chamber is the rumen.
� Importance of the rumen in feed utilization: rumen microflora; utilization of fibrous feeds such as
grass and hay, foodstuffs that monogastric animals cannot digest
� The importance of rumen microflora in the manufacture of B-vitamins and other vitamins
� Add a photograph showing characteristics of a good dairy cow
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CHAPTER 2: FEED NUTRIENTS
Introduction to nutrients Energy
� A cow requires different types of feed for
different functions:
o Building
o Maintenance of the body (work)
o Produce: milk, meat and calves
o Protection from disease
� Different types of nutrients; concept of
dry matter content
� What it is
� Use/functions
� Sources: List of examples of each fibre
(grasses, crop residues etc.), carbohydrates
(grains, tubers, agricultural by-products), fats
(oilseed cakes/meals)
� Effect of too little (ketosis)
� Effect of too much (grain overload/acidosis)
� Energy in relation to rumen microbes
� Measure of energy
� Special considerations
Protein Minerals
� What it is
� Use/functions
� Sources: Animal, legumes, cereal grains,
non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (e.g. urea,
poultry waste), crop by-products
� Effect of too little
� Effect of too much
� Protein in relation to rumen microbes:
Mention bypass protein
� Protein in relation to milk production
� Measure of protein (crude protein, NPN)
� Special considerations
� What they are (macro- and micro-minerals)
� Use/functions (in relation to reproduction
and growth)
� Sources
� Effect of too little (milk fever — in text box)
� Effect of too much
� Minerals in relation to milk production
(especially Ca:P ratio)
� Special considerations (low content areas –
cobalt, interactions)
� How to feed minerals (include illustration of
mineral box)
� How to make mineral blocks (Ref. NARO
Uganda)
Vitamins Water
� Sources
� Importance
� Vitamins in relation to rumen microbes,
especially vitamin B12
� Importance and functions (normal
functioning of the body)
� Sources
� Effect of too little
� Effect of too much (mention water poisoning
in calves)
� Water in relation to rumen microbes
(especially pH)
� Water in relation to milk production
� Special considerations (ad lib, salty vs. fresh
water)
� Water intake vs. prevailing weather
conditions
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CHAPTER 3: FEED RESOURCES
Grazing systems
� Intensive system
� Extensive system
o Improvement of natural pastures by introducing herbaceous legumes
� Semi-intensive system
� AEZ x forages — Appendix (Refer to group 4 presentation for details)
� Others: roadside grazing and tethering
Forage production and management
� Fodders (Napier grass, maize, Giant panicum, Giant setaria, Guatemala, dual purpose sweet
potato, forage sorghum, oats)
� Ley grasses for medium- and high-altitude (Rhodes grass, Nandi setaria, Nasiwa setaria, Kikuyu
grass, Bracharia, Molasses grass, Rye grass)
� Ley grasses for dry areas (Cenchrus ciliaris, Eragrostis superba, Andropogon gayanus etc.)
� Herbaceous legumes (Desmodium [green and silver leaf], Lucerne, Vetch, Dolichos lablab, Stylos)
� Fodder trees and shrubs (Calliandra, Leucaena, Sesbania etc.)
Forage establishment and management
� Source of planting materials
o Method of establishment e.g. direct sowing, under-sowing, over-sowing
� Cultural practices
o Land preparation
o Seed rates
o Spacing
o Fertilizer rates at planting and topdressing
o Harvesting regimes
o Weeding
o Yields
o Feeding and stocking rates
o Pest and diseases
Crop residues
� Maize stover
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� Sorghum stover
� Straw (oats, rice, wheat and barley)
� Bean haulms
� Banana pseudo-stems
� Sugarcane tops, bagasse
� Waste grain
� Maize cobs
� Banana and potato peelings, pineapple waste
� Horticultural by-products
Utilization of crop residues
� Treatment/processing
o Urea treatment
o Urine treatment
o Chopping and grinding
o Storage
� Utilization
o Mixing residues and fresh fodders and legumes
o Mixing with molasses
o Feeding together with mineral supplements
Forage conservation
� Hay production
o Definition
o Type of feed resources for haymaking and yield per given area
o Small-scale harvesting methods
o Innovative curing methods (wilting structures etc.)
o Stage of harvest
o Baling methods (box baling, loose and standing)
o Characteristics of good hay
o Storage
o Feeding
� Silage-making
o Definition
o Types of forages and yield per given area
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o Harvesting stages
o Types of silos (pit, above-ground, bunker, trench, tubes and bucket/drum)
o Process (step-by-step and ingredients)
o Qualities of good silage
o Storage and feeding
o Determination of how much silage to make
Emerging feeds
� Leaf meal
� Fodder banks
� Horticultural ‘airport’ wastes
On-farm seed production
� Varieties that are important (Vetch, Dolichos, Stylo, sorghum, Rhodes grass, Desmodium,
Calliandra, dryland grasses)
� Method of seed production and processing (step-by-step)
� Economics of seed production
� Sources of seeds (include in the appendix)
Concentrates (nutrient content and value)
� Whole/complete meals
o Dairy meal
o Dairy cubes
o Calf pellets
� Agro-industrial by-products
o Brewer’s waste
o Sunflower/cotton/soya seed cake/meal
o Bran and germ from cereals
o Blood and bone meal
o Poultry waste
� Forage concentrates (levels and availability)
Mineral and sources
� Natural (Magadi)
� Industrial preparations
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� Regulatory standards (Kenya Bureau of Standards)
Feed additives
Ration formulation
� Concept of a balanced ration
� Concept and value
� Ingredients
o Availability, quality and costs
o Palatability
� Feed analysis (ingredients and final product)
o Why?
o Where it is done (include in the appendix)
� Method and level of calculations e.g. Pearsons square
� Practical mixing
� Examples of rations formulae
� Feed storage
Feed budgeting, planning and costs
� Feed availability by season and area
o Seasonal production system of forages and concentrates
o When to buy
� Costs of acquisition
o Purchase and transport
� Source of materials
� Conservation strategies
� Alternative feeds
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CHAPTER 4: FEEDING OF CALVES
Description/appearance of a healthy calf
Aim of calf feeding
Stages of calf development
� Colostrum
� Non-ruminant
� Transitional stage
� Ruminant stage
Feeding calves during the different stages (advantages and disadvantages of each)
� Suckling
� Bucket feeding
� Nipple feeding
Calf feeding strategies
� Natural (fresh or preserved) and artificial colostrum feeding
� Tested milk-feeding schedules for calves
� Feeding of milk replacers (gruel feeding and commercial)
� Formulations for calf starter
� Introducing roughages to calves
� Optimum watering for calves
Problems associated with calf feeding
� Nutritional disorders
Weaning
� Criteria for weaning (e.g. age, weight, dry matter consumption)
To keep or sell bull calves?
� Cost of raising (price of milk vs. disposal price)
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CHAPTER 5: FEEDING OF HEIFERS
Definition of a heifer
Aim of heifer feeding
Nutrient requirement (dry matter, proteins, energy, minerals and water)
Grazing (fodder)
Supplementation
Growth rate (weight) vs. age
Consequences of over- and under-feeding
Feeding of in-calf heifer (steaming up)
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CHAPTER 6: FEEDING OF DAIRY COW
A lactating cow
� Aim
� Nutrient requirements of a lactating cow
� Milk from pasture
� Feeding strategies
o Feeding according to the stage of lactation (use illustration on dairy milk poster)
o Challenge feeding (concentrate reallocation strategy)
o Dry matter requirements (link to forages, practical feeding amounts)
� Use of body conditioning to assess feeding (in the appendix?)
� Concept of maximum production vs. maximum profit
� Nutritional diseases: milk fever, ketosis, acidosis, bloat
� How to dry a cow
The dry cow
� Define a dry cow
� Aim
� Nutrient requirement
� Feeding strategies
� Steaming up
� Transitional feeding (pre- and post-calving period)
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CHAPTER 7: CHALLENGES
� Major forage diseases: farmers should be aware of how to manage these diseases e.g. Napier
stunting disease and smut
� Need for fodder for cold- and frost-prone areas of the East African highlands
� Need for forage varieties suitable for waterlogged zones of East Africa
� Introducing and adapting the push-and-pull technology to wider areas of East Africa
� Need to highlight effects of climate change on feed availability and feeding of dairy cattle in East
Africa
� Need to highlight the ever-increasing cost of livestock feeds and its implications on feed quality
and availability
� Need to be aware of the diversion of grain for biofuels and its implications on cost and
availability of grain-based concentrates i.e. competition between humans, livestock and biofuels
for cereal grains. In view of this, there is need to explore alternative feeds for livestock.
� Importance of forage germplasm availability and its implication on feed availability
� Need to highlight effects of feed contamination, especially cereals and by-products, on milk
quality
� Need to create awareness on emerging feed supplements (additives, feed supplements etc.) on
the East African market: farmers need to be aware of the quality and genuineness of the
products.
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GLOSSARY
� To be included at the end of the manual
� Include current glossary but update with new terms from additional content
� Avoid using scientific words in definitions
APPENDIX
� Recommendation domains of major fodders (Napier grass, Calliandra, Lucaena, Lucerne,
Desmodium, Sesbania, D. lablab, oats, Rhodes grass, Setaria) (From NARS, ILRI)
� List of common feed resources within the region (as exhaustive as possible) and their nutrient
contents/nutritive values (can be obtained from NARS, universities)
� Weight conversion table (centimetres or inches into kilograms live weight) (ILRI)
� Measuring units (kilograms in terms of common measures) (ILRI)
� Body condition scoring
� Formulae for converting commonly used nutritive values into nutrient content (e.g. digestibility
into energy)
� Breeding calendar (Allan Bisagye, Julius)
� Examples of rations/TMRs
� List of feed analysis laboratories
� Sources of seeds or list of seed vendors – from the Integrated Partnerships for Community
Prosperity (IPACOP)
� Frequently asked questions by farmers
� Contacts of information sources
� Diagram of a zero-grazing unit
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General plenary discussion of all topics on the workshop agenda
The general plenary discussion was jointly led by the facilitators and covered all topics on the workshop
agenda. The following points arose from the discussion on the list of extension materials:
1. The list should be sorted by institution of origin.
2. Availability of the extension materials needs to be addressed so that they can reach the end-
users.
3. As farmers are willing to pay for knowledge, the extension materials should be priced. This will
also help to sustain the production of the materials.
4. The project should categorize the end-users of the materials i.e. illiterate, semi-literate or
literate.
5. Extension materials for use in Uganda and Rwanda should be translated into local languages.
6. The language used should be clear and easy for farmers to understand.
7. In addition to the extension materials, the project should also consider disseminating
information through call-in shows on national and local FM radio stations.
8. The project should initiate an electronic or physical directory of livestock feeds and feeding
information.
Below are the feedback discussion notes on the proposed content of the revised chapters.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
� A photograph that shows the characteristics of a good cow should be included in the
introduction; American Breeding Service (ABS) will provide the photograph. Emphasis should be
put on traits that are specifically related to feeding. The main aim of this section is to guide
farmers on the characteristics of a good dairy cow, especially when buying.
� When introducing the digestive system of a cow, the important points should be:
o How do farmers deal with rumen pH to ensure proper digestion of feed? It should be
clearly explained that rumen pH can improve production through feeding strategies.
This message should be simplified so that farmers can understand.
o Rumen and rib cage are related to body weight and feed intake, and influence the ability
of a cow to breathe and oxidize feed.
o Use the analogy of a factory to demonstrate the functions of the rumen.
o The current section on ruminants needs to be shortened to eliminate repetition.
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� Mention the benefits of dairy production e.g. milk for consumption and sale; replacement stock;
by-products. Introduce the concept of dairy production as a business.
� Emphasize the importance of feed resources and feeding strategies to milk production – who is
the target group?
CHAPTER 2: NUTRIENTS, PROTEINS, MINERALS AND WATER
� Mineral supplementation to improve fibre digestion should be clarified since most on-farm feeds
are of poor quality.
� When suggesting formulae for making mineral blocks, note that the composition of various
ingredients varies depending on available materials.
� Farmers should be made aware of the implications of various methods of watering livestock.
Place emphasis on offering good quality water. Also allude to water volumes and distance to
watering vs. milk production.
� Include a table to show the sources of nutrients in the dairy cattle rations vs. humans for
comparison (where can we get such tables?).
� Discuss minerals under the chapter dealing with feed resources.
� The review taskforce needs to come up with a measure of energy that farmers are familiar with.
CHAPTER 3: FEED RESOURCES
� Include more legume varieties on the list provided.
� Include a list of sources of forage planting materials and seed; where would farmers seek such
information?
� Note that ‘feed storage’ is a broad topic, so deal with ‘conservation’ and ‘feed storage including
simple structures’.
� Combine scientific names for forages with common and popular names.
� Expand the list of forage types.
� Relate dry weight to fresh weight to aid the farmers’ understanding of feed composition.
� Include TMR in feeding strategies.
FEEDING OF CALVES
� Include a photo of a calf
� Calf feeding strategies must be clearly stated
� Include nutritional disorders
� Link rearing aspects to literature sources
� Emphasize the importance of birth weight
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FEEDING OF A COW
� Include concentrate reallocation
� Should nutritional diseases be linked with nutrients?
� The issue of dairying as a business is not directly related to feeding. However, participants felt
that the EADD project could produce a separate manual on this to cover topics such as costing of
dairy production, budgeting of feed etc.
CHALLENGES
� Country teams to provide the review taskforce with contact details of institutions that provide
information on or analyze dairy feeds.
� The main challenge of ‘push and pull’ technology is adaptability to various production systems.
FORMAT OF MANUAL
� The size of the manual should be between F5 and F4; the review taskforce will seek professional
advice on this.
� Spiral binding should be retained.
� Design aspects e.g. font and line spacing will be decided upon during the layout phase.
� Cover photo needs to be replaced with one of a locally available cow.
DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY
� All participants agreed with a suggestion to officially launch the revised manual.
� Key stakeholders should be invited to the launch and the publicity generated can be used as an
opportunity to promote and distribute the manual. Stakeholders who can support the launch
should be identified.
� The manual should be suitably priced. However, a few initial copies can be distributed free of
charge so as to stimulate demand.
� Copies should be distributed to agricultural information centres in project countries and dairy
resource farms as needed.
� Linkages with private-sector stakeholders (NGOs, projects, extension services etc.) should be
explored for sustainable production of the manual.
� Various avenues to promote the manual should be explored, e.g. programs on local FM radio
stations that target farmers, field days etc.
� In addition to the print version of the manual, an electronic version (CD-ROM) should be
produced and made available online.
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Conclusion and way forward
The participants selected a review taskforce to incorporate new content and collate all revisions based on
the agreed recommendations and the revised outline of the manual. The taskforce comprises Charles
Gachuiri, Charles Lusweti, Margaret Lukuyu and Solomon Mwendia. The terms of reference will be
finalized in subsequent meetings. In the interim, the taskforce will liaise with the other workshop
participants via email to obtain their inputs into the revised document.
We anticipate that the revised draft will be ready by mid October 2008 after which it will be circulated for
comments. A one-day meeting will be convened to review the comments on the draft manual. The
taskforce will then edit the draft based on the outcome of this meeting. Pre-testing by selected farmers,
extension officials and other stakeholders will be carried out and any extra revisions arising after the
exercise will be incorporated. Editing should be finalized by the end of December 2008. Publication of the
revised manual is anticipated to take place between January and February 2009, followed by the official
launch and distribution.
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Annexes
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Annex 1: List of participants
Name Address Email/telephone contact
KENYA Edwin Okila ABS
P.O. Box 76478–00508
Nairobi
+254 722 692005
Angela Wokabi Ministry of Livestock
P.O. Box 34188–00100
Nairobi
+254 724 710632
+254 20 2718528
Charles Githae IPACOP
P.O. Box 3287
Nakuru
nduguya2002@[email protected]
+254 722 332427
Charles Gachuiri University of Nairobi
P.O. Box 29053
Nairobi
+254 722 745158
Jane Mwangi Ministry of Livestock
Agricultural Information Centre
P.O. Box 12573–00100
Nairobi
+254 733 790995
Agnes Kavatha Land O’ Lakes
P.O. Box 30148
Nairobi
+254 721 404644
Margaret Lukuyu KARI NARL
P.O. Box 54388
Nairobi
+254 722 820658
Simon Ndegwa
Wakaba
P.O. Box 20412
Nairobi
+254 724 607113
Patrick Mudavadi ICRAF Kenya
P.O. Box 30677–00100
Nairobi
+254 721 851177
Charles Lusweti KARI
P.O. Box 450
Kitale
+254 736 583824
Solomon Mwendia KARI
P.O. Box 30148–0100
Nairobi
+254 722 674299
Nathaniel Makoni ABS
P.O. Box 76478–00508
Nairobi
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Julius Nyangaga ILRI
P.O. Box 30709–00100
Nairobi
+254 20 4223000
+254 722 179541
Ben Lukuyu ILRI
P.O. Box 30709–00100
Nairobi
+254 20 4223000
+254 722 820758
RWANDA Betty Rwamuhizi EADD Project
P.O. Box 115
Nyagatare - Rwanda
+250 565432
+250 885 4219
Nzigamasabo Paul
Benjamin
EADD Project
P.O. Box 115
Nyagatare - Rwanda
+250 565432
+250 0855 7350
UGANDA Bisagaya Martin
Allan
EADD Project
P.O. Box 28491
Kampala
+256 414 231828
+256 772 534781
Ronald Wabwire ICRAF Uganda
P.O. Box 28491
Kampala
+256 414 23182
+256 772 649012
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Annex 2: List of extension materials compiled by EADD for use
by farmers (July 2008)
REPORTS TYPE OF
PUBLICATION
SOURCE/INSTITUTION
Franzel S, Wambugu C, Nanok T, Kavana P, Njau T, Aithal A,
Muriuki J and Kitalyi A. 2007. Production and marketing of leaf
meal from fodder shrubs in Tanga, Tanzania: A pro-poor
enterprise for improving livestock productivity
Report ICRAF
Lukuyu B and Dorward P. Participatory evaluation of maize
varieties for food and forage
Checklist DFID/CPP/LPP/KARI and
University of Reading
Mwendia SW, Lukuyu, B and Kinyua M. 2008. Status of Napier
stunting disease in central Kenya
Report KARI Muguga
Owen, Lukuyu B, Murdoch A, Mwangi DM, Njuguna JGM and
Dorward P. Implications and lessons learned from DFID project
R7955: IPM of maize dairying
Project report DFID/CPP/LPP/KARI and
University of Reading
Tiley GED. 1969. Elephant grass. Kawanda Research Station
Report. Kawanda Uganda. Technical communication 23.
Report Kawanda Research
Station
Wambugu C and Githae C. 2007. Fodder shrub-based
enterprise development
Training report ICRAF
Wambugu C, Franzel S, Tutui N and Stewart J. Factors
influencing the effectiveness of farmers as disseminators of
fodder shrubs in the central Kenya highlands
FRP report ICRAF
MANUALS TYPE OF
PUBLICATION
SOURCE/INSTITUTION
Academy for Educational Development. 2006. A tool for
transformational development. Washington, D.C.
Training
manual
CIMMYT
Adapting developing and producing effective radio spots:
guide and facilitators’ manual and audio spots
Manual AED
Chenost N and Kayouli S. 1997. Roughage utilization in warm
climates
Manual FAO
Growing fodder crops in coastal Kenya Bulletin KARI Mtwapa
Kaner S. 2007. Facilitator’s guide to participatory decision-
making. 2nd
edition. Jossey-Bass, USA
Manual
ILRI
Kitalyi A, Miano D Mwebeze S and Wambugu C. 2005. More
forage, more milk: Forage production for small-scale zero-
grazing systems
Extension
manual
ICRAF
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Lukuyu M, Romney D, Ouma R and Sones K. 2007. Feeding
dairy cattle: A manual for smallholder dairy farmers and
extension workers in East Africa
Manual ILRI
Maundu P and Tengnas B. 2005. Useful tress and shrubs for
Kenya
Technical
handbook
ICRAF
Rootheart R, Karanja GM, Kariuki I, Paterson R, Tuwei P,
Kiruiro E, Mugwe J and Franzel S. 1998. Calliandra for livestock
Bulletin ICRAF
2003. Silage making: A manual for training of trainers Manual Land O’ Lakes
Talking pictures Manual ILRI
CIMMYT maize program. 2003. Maize diseases: a guide for
field identification. 4th edition. CIMMYT, Mexico
Manual CIMMYT
Dairy toolbox Manual ILRI
Wambugu C, Franzel F, Cordero J and Stewart J. 2006. Fodder
shrubs for dairy farmers in East Africa: making extension
decisions and putting them into practice
Manual ICRAF/OFI
Wambugu C and Holding C. Extension chapter in seed tool kit.
ICRAF website and CD.
Manual ICRAF
BROCHURES, PAMPHLETS AND LEAFLETS TYPE OF
PUBLICATION
SOURCE/INSTITUTION
Calf rearing. Volumes 1, 2 and 3 Handbook MOLDM Kenya
Calliandra for livestock (2001) Handbook KARI/KEFRI/ICRAF/
DFID/FRP/ Oxford
Forestry Institute
Cattle judging Handbook MOLDM Kenya
Chakoma C. Feeding forages to dairy cattle Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Chakoma C. Growing of forages for dairy cattle Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Mutisi C. Feeding the dairy cow to produce more milk Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Mutisi C and Hamudikuwanda H. Calf rearing Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
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Wambugu C and Karanja G. Plant fodder shrubs for more milk
and cash
Leaflet ICRAF/KARI
Clinch NJL, Bennison JJ and Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by
livestock – Prosopis
Booklet NRI/ODA
Concentrate reallocation feeding: Same cost, more milk Leaflet SDP/ ILRI/KARI
Lusweti FN. Control of smut disease in Napier grass Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
the Netherlands
Feed formulation for homemade dairy and poultry
concentrates
Leaflet KARI
Feeding and management recommendations for dairy cattle
Technical
bulletin
SIGMA Feeds Ltd. Nairobi
Feeding Desmodium for milk and money Leaflet SDP/ILRI/KARI
Fodder tree management. Volume 8 Handbook MOLDM Kenya
Franzel S and Wambugu C. 2004. Milk shrubs boost earnings
for African dairy farmers
Brochure ICRAF
Get more and better forage from maize Leaflet DFID/ILRI/KARI and
University of Reading
Guidelines: On-farm pasture seed production Handbook NARO/ASPS
Hay making using a box baler Leaflet Land O’ Lakes
Healthy cow, more milk: Wambui finds out Comic book KARI/DFID
Housing. Volume 1 Handbook MOLDM Kenya
Housing. Volume 2 Handbook MOLDM Kenya
Hamudikwanda H. Management of reproduction Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Improving feed resources and dairy cattle management in
Uganda
Handbook NARO/ASPS
Integrated weed, pest and disease management of maize
forage dairying
DFID/ILRI/KARI &
University of Reading
Mugwe J, Karanja G, Tuwei P and Kiruiru E. 2001. Calliandra
calothyrsus and Lucaena trichandra: Tree establishment and
management
Leaflet KARI
Kimmins F, Ward A and Richards W. Disease-free fodder for
dairy cows
Leaflet CPP/LPP/NRI/DFID
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Kitalyi A. 2006. Miti malisho kwa maisha bora na hifadhi ya
mazingira
Leaflet ICRAF
Kuza mahindi na napia zaidi upate pesa nyingi Leaflet Gatsby Charitable
Foundation/ICIPE, IACR-
Rothamsted & Wizara ya
Kilimo
Lanyasunya T, Onyango TA, Owango M, Muriuki K and de Jong
R. Rear your own heifers (to replace old cows or for sale)
Leaflet KARI/DFID
Hove L. Multipurpose trees and shrubs Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ ICRISAT/
DDP
Lokwaleput I and de Jong R. Fertile cows give more milk and
more calves
Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
Netherlands
Lukuyu B and Ndegwa PW. 2003. Get more from maize (dense
planting)
Leaflet SDP/ ILRI/KARI
Lukuyu B. 2008. Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis): A
technical fact sheet
Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
Lukuyu B. 2008. Vetch: A technical fact sheet Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
Lukuyu B. 2008. The value of maize as food and fodder: A
technical fact sheet
Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
Muturi J. 2008. Mycotoxins in feeds
Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
Kang’ara J. 2008. The untapped feed potential: Indigenous
fodder trees
Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
Kiruiro E. 2008. Improve quality of crop residues through urea
treatment
Leaflet KARI/KAPP – in print
Lukuyu B. 2007. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): A practical guide
for farmers
Leaflet KARI/USAID/Land O’
Lakes
Lukuyu B. 2007. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.): A technical
guide for extension workers
Leaflet KARI/USAID/Land O’
Lakes
Lyamchai C, Kweka E, Mwikari M, Kingamkono M and
Wambugu C. 2005. Ongeza maziwa na upunguze gharama kwa
kulisha mifugo Kaliandra
Leaflet ICRAF/SARI
Making silage in plastic tubes
Leaflet Land O’ Lakes
Mazingira. 1990. The main breeds of cattle in Kenya Illustration
guide
Mazingira Institute/
Rockefeller foundation
Mazingira. Video book: Dairy cows and beef cattle Illustration
guide
Mazingira Institute/
Rockefeller foundation
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Methu JN and Kiruiro EM. Make silage for more milk in dry
seasons – conserve surplus forage
Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
Netherlands
Methu JN, Kiruiro EM and Abate AN. Your feed shortage
problem: Use maize forage
Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
Netherlands
Mhere O, Maasdorp B and Titterton M. 2003. Dry season
feeding of smallholder livestock: Forage conservation silage
Leaflet LPP/DFID
Mhere O, Maasdorp B and Titterton M. 2003. Forage
production and conservation manual: Growing and ensiling
annual and perennial forage crops suited to marginal and
semi-arid areas of South Africa
Manual LPP/DFID
Mugwagwa W. Rearing replacement heifers for the dairy herd Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Munangi W. Silage making: Harvesting, making and feeding Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Muriuki K: Gruel making for feeding to calves Leaflet KARI
Muyekho EN, Luweti F, Kamau JN and Gitahi, F. 2005. Forage
crops for western Kenya
Leaflet KARI
Muyekho FN and Mukisira EA. Feed lupin seed with maize for
cheaper dairy feed
Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
Netherlands
Muyekho FN, Mwendia CW and Lusweti F. 1999. Support to
dairy cattle nutrition: An advisory booklet for extension
workers
Leaflet KARI
Mwangi DM, Gichungu GN and Mungai B. Feed Desmodium
for more milk and money
Leaflet KARI/DFID
Napier head smut detection Leaflet SDP
Organization of dairy groups Handbook MOLDM – Kenya
Otieno K, Cheruiyot DT, Muyekho FN and Wekesa AW. A
better way to grow Napier for more milk
Leaflet KARI/DFID
Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by livestock: anti-nutritive
factors
Booklet NRI/ODA
Paterson RT. 1993. Use of trees by livestock: Calliandra Booklet NRI/ODA
Paterson RT and Clinch NJL. 1993. Use of trees by livestock:
Ficus
Booklet NRI/ODA
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Moyo P. Dairy calf management Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Pyrethrum: An ideal feed supplement for dairy cattle, sheep,
goats and horses
Leaflet Pyrethrum board of
Kenya, Nakuru
Ramadhan A and Bakari P. More milk from cows fed better
forages
Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
Netherlands
Research results: Improving feeding of dairy cattle for
increased milk production and income
Brochure NARO/MU/ASPS
Khan S and Rana SS. Preparation of Urea Molasses block
(UMB) and its use in livestock feeding
Leaflet NRI/DFID/ Bangladesh
Agricultural University
Ncube S. Harvesting and storage of crop residues on
smallholder farms
Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Moyo S. Selection and culling in the smallholder dairy sector Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ ILRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
The fertility of the dairy cow: Volume 4 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya
The management of Napier grass: Volume 1 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya
The management of Napier grass: Volume 2 Handbook MOLDM – Kenya
Smith T and Chakoma C. Maize forage Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Smith T and Morton J. Urea treatment of crop residues, other
low quality roughages and snap corn
Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
Tropical forage seed production Training
module
ILCA/ ICARDA
Tungani JO, Mukhwana, EJ and Woomer PL. 2002. MBILI is
Number 1: A Handbook for innovative maize-legume
intercropping
Handbook SACRED - AFRICA
Wambugu C. 2001 (reprinted 2002). Calliandra calothyrsus:
Nursery establishment and management. A pamphlet for
farmers and field extension staff
Pamphlet ICRAF, Nairobi
Wambugu C. 2002. Calliandra calothyrsus: Tree management
and utilization. A pamphlet for farmers and field extension
staff
Pamphlet ICRAF, Nairobi
Wandera F. Make hay (for more milk, more meat and fewer
deaths in dry season)
Leaflet GoK/KARI/DFID & Govt of
Netherlands
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Watch out: New disease and pest on elephant grass in Uganda Booklet Heifer/NARO/ASPS
/NALIRRI
Magadzire Z. Feed calendars Leaflet LPP/DFID/NRI/ DDP
Matopos Research
Station, Zimbabwe
POSTERS TYPE SOURCE/INSTITUTION
Franzel S. and Wambugu C. 2004. Building farmers’ capacities:
scaling up the adoption of fodder shrubs in Kenya
Poster ICRAF, Nairobi
Franzel S, Wambugu C, Stewart J and Sande BD. 2004. Fodder
shrubs for improving incomes of dairy farmers in the East
African highlands. Tropical Grasslands Congress, Dublin,
Ireland.
Poster ICRAF, Nairobi
Lukuyu B. 2008. Lucerne for improved quality Poster KARI/Land O’
Lakes/USAID Nairobi
Lukuyu B, Methu JN, Mwangi DM, Kirui J, Wamalwa J, Kavatha
A and Mwendia SW. 2008. An evaluation of Lucerne varieties
suitable for different agro-ecological zones
Poster KARI/Land O’
Lakes/USAID Nairobi
Lukuyu BA, Romney DL, Tanner JC and Thorpe W. 2000. The
maize crop as a source of food and feed for livestock on
smallholder dairy farms in the Kenyan highlands. Proceedings
of the annual meeting of the British Society of Animal Science
held at Scarborough, UK, April 2008. p. 98.
Conference
poster paper
ILRI/KARI/ University of
Reading
Mwaura L. and Wambugu C. Appropriate procedures for tree
seed handling, storage and distribution
Poster/ leaflet ICRAF
Wambugu C and Karanja G. 2004. Panda miti-malisho ili
kuongeza maziwa na kipato
Poster/
leaflet/ banner
ICRAF/ILRI Nairobi
Wambugu C and Karanja G. 2004.Plant fodder trees for more
milk and cash
Poster/
leaflet/ banner
ICRAF/ILRI Nairobi
Wambugu C and Franzel S. 2004. Promoting fodder shrub seed
production and distribution in Kenya: Which mechanisms and
pathways are most sustainable?
Poster ICRAF, Nairobi
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES TYPE SOURCE/INSTITUTION
Adapting developing and producing effective radio spots:
guide, facilitators’ manual and audio spots
CD AED
Systemwide Collaboration: Action for Livelihoods and
Environment (SCALE): workshop materials (April 2006)
CD AED/ICRAF
Citizen TV and KBC TV. 2006. Lishe Bora (video on fodder
shrubs in Swahili)
Video and
DVD
ICRAF
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Grassland species: A detailed description and photos of more
than 600 grassland species
CD FAO
Lukuyu B. 2008. Recommendation domain maps for Lucerne
production in Kenya
CD KARI
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Annex 3: Workshop program
DAY ONE: 21 August 2008
TIME ACTIVITY
0800 hours Arrival
0830 hours Introductions (Ben)
- Why we are here; expected workshop outputs
0930 hours Inventory of training and extension materials (Ben)
- Presentation of summary
0945 hours Plenary discussion on Inventory
- Questions around: what is useful or relevant? What is missing? How to use it?
1000 hours TEA BREAK
1015 hours Identification of gaps — What is missing or needs adjustment in the first edition?
Julius/Margaret
- Target reader/user, current content, gaps listed and suggestions of adjustments shared so far
Group work
- Add to gaps, with some details to list and suggested corrections
- Group work on flip chart or power point, bullet points
1100 hours Feedback
- By group
- Agree on gaps and suggestions for corrections in second edition
1200 hours Title and chapter/topic sequence for new edition (Ben)
- Quick run through of title and structure of current edition
- Quick run through agreed gaps and adjustments
Group work
- Is title adequate? Suggest changes if the title is not adequate
- Suggest chapter or topic sequence
1300 hours LUNCH BREAK
1400 hours Feedback
- By group
- Agree on subject sequence
- Allocate subjects to 4 groups for group-work discussions
1445 hours TEA BREAK
1500 hours Group work: each group 2 or 3 subjects according to allocation
- For each subject (using previous edition, identified gaps and suggested adjustments) suggest:
o Content and suitable sequence of content
o Useful additions: tables, diagrams, formulas
o Sources of additional information for reader
- Be ready to provide feedback per subject
1730 hours DEPARTURE
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DAY TWO: 22 August 2008
TIME ACTIVITY
0800 hours ARRIVAL
0830 hours Group 1 Presents Chapter 1 - 3
0920 hours Plenary discussion on Group 1’s subjects
- Agree on final content
1000 hours Group 2 Presents Chapter 4 - 6
1020 hours TEA BREAK
1030 hours Plenary discussion on Group 2’s subjects
- Agree on final content
1115 hours Group 3 presents Chapter 7 - 9
1140 hours Plenary discussion on Group 3’s subjects
- Agree on final content
1215 hours Group 4 presents Chapter 10 - 12
1245 hours LUNCH BREAK
1400 hours Plenary discussion on Group 4’s subjects
- Agree on final content
1500 hours TEA BREAK
1515 hours Plenary discussion on:
- Minimizing gender bias and stereotypes in content
- Suitable book form and layout (fonts, spacing etc.)
- Effective book distribution strategy
1600 hours Plenary discussion led by compilation team (technical, language, layouts)
- Source of information. How can participants contribute or support?
- Production and processing needs and concerns
1630 hours NEXT STEPS
- Production process
- Next (one-day) review meeting of first draft
1700 hours DEPARTURE
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Annex 4: Group exercise 1 — Review of extension materials
The participants will be divided into four groups at random
1. You have been provided with an inventory of extension materials in feeds and feeding of the
dairy cattle. This list is not exhaustive. We would like you to help us to fill in the gaps.
a. List any type of training or extension material you know of that is not included in the list
b. List any topics in feeding dairy cattle or specific feeding strategies for which there is
need for a training or extension material. Suggest possible sources of information
c. Discuss and come up with the ten most important training or extension materials for
feeding dairy cattle which priority should be given in production?
d. Suggest how best these training or extension materials should be used. Please state how
and why?
Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session. Each group has 10 minutes for
presentation and 5 minutes for questions/ discussions.
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Annex 5: Group exercise 2 — Identification of gaps in content
The participants will be divided into four new groups at random
2. Before the workshop each one of you was asked to read the feeding dairy cattle manual thoroughly
and identify gaps for which information is needed.
a. You are now required to discuss your sets of gaps and harmonize them into one
comprehensive list of gaps by subject. Agree on gaps and suggestions for corrections in
second edition. Please describe and provide details if possible.
b. Suggest possible sources of information
c. Suggest type of photographs or illustrations to accompany the topics
d. Discuss and come up with what needs adjustment in the current edition of the feeding
manual?
Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session on flip chart or PowerPoint. Please use
bullet points. Each group has 10 minutes for presentation and 5 minutes for questions/discussions.
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Annex 6: Group exercise 3 — Revision of title and chapter/topic
sequence
The participants will be divided into four new groups at random
3. Having developed the proposed content of the second edition of feeding manual.
a. Suggest chapter or topic sequence that will ensure adequate use
b. Now, think about the title of the feeding manual. Is title adequate? Discuss and suggest
changes if the title is not adequate
Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session on flip chart or PowerPoint. Please use
bullet points. Each group has 5 minutes for presentation and 5 minutes for questions/discussions.
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Annex 7: Group exercise 4 — Detailed subject description
The participants will be divided into four new groups at random. Each group will be allocated two or three
subjects according to participant preference
4. Having developed the proposed chapter or topic sequence of the second edition of feeding manual.
a. For each subject (using current feeding manual edition, highlighted gaps and suggested
adjustments) suggest:
i. Content and suitable sequence of content. Please describe and provide details of
content as much as possible. Pease pay special attention to minimising gender bias
and stereotypes in content
ii. Useful additions: tables, diagrams, formulas
iii. Additional useful sources of information to cited as reference for reader
Each group will be required to report back in a plenary session on flip chart or PowerPoint. Please use
bullet points. Each group has 20 minutes for presentation and 5 minutes for questions/discussions.