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Female dispersal and gene flow
Low High
Male dispersal
and geneflow
Low
High
Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- yes Autosomal genes-- yes Y-linked genes-- yesDemographic autonomy-- yes
Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- yes Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- noDemographic autonomy-- yes
Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- no Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- ***Demographic autonomy-- ***
Geographic structure in… mtDNA-- no Autosomal genes-- no Y-linked genes-- noDemographic autonomy-- no
Relationship between population genetic structure and gender specific dispersal and gene flow
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Using “acquired” markers to complement molecular studies
Measuring isotope ratios in tissues
Measuring parsite loads
Physical tags (e.g. bird bands)
Radio transmitters
Can tell you about the movements and spatial preferences of animals.
Are not transmitted across generations so do not provide historical data.
Some Examples:
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Breeding area Non-breeding area
FreshwaterFishes
Genetic markers
Acquired markers
Population structure registered by
High High
VagileFishes ocean ocean
AnadromousFishes
Low Low
stream ocean High Low*
CatadromousFishes streamocean
Low High
*
acquired
acquired
individuals sampled here
individuals sampled here
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Mixed-Stock Assessments of Fish Introductions
Some examples and outcomes:
Hybridization was observed among landlocked brown trout and introduced anadromous forms in the Conwy River of N. Wales, but introduced forms in Spain went extinct.
diagnostic salmon markers
for anadromous forms?
See Figure 9.4
streams
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Mixed Stock Analysis in Conservation Biology
Loggerhead Turtle
Caretta caretta 20,000 caught in swordfish longlinesin Mediterraneaneach year (~20% die).
Only 50% of the catch originate fromMediterranean Beaches.
Determined using maximum likelihood analysis of mtDNA
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Evolutionary verses Management Units
At a shallow-level:
MU: Any population that exchanges so few migrants withothers as to be genetically distinct from them willnormally also be demographically independent.
e.g. rookeries of sea turtles in the same ocean basin
At a deeper level:
EU: One or a set of populations with a distinct long-term evolutionary history mostly separate from that of
other such units.
e.g. Pacific rookeries vs Atlantic rookeries (figure 6.5)
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Molecular Analyses Have Revealed EUs When They Weren’t Expected
African elephants (Loxodonta)
As a result of molecular analysestwo species are now recognized:
L. Africana and L. cyclotisSee Figure 9.6 and Table 9.3
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Molecular Analyses Have Failed to Reveal EUs When They Were Expected
Dusky Seaside sparrowAvise and Nelson, 1989
Driven to extinction, many thought it was a distinctevolutionary lineage.
But see Figure 9.7
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Guidelines for Conserving Phylogeographic Diversity
Limit unnecessary transplantations.• There are concerns even when transplanting pops within species.• The burden of proof should be on the advocates of the transplantation.
Design regional reserves.• Identify areas that contain sources of phylogeographic diversity…..”phylogeographic parks”
• Focus on preserving biodiversity rather than preserving special features of the landscape.
Cyprinodondesert pupfish
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Recognition of Endangered Species
Continued support for the Endangered Species Act and CITES
Under ESA: listings maybe made for a species, a subspecies, or a distinct population segment (shares common lineage). “Endangered” = At risk of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range
“Threatened” = Likely to become endangered in theforeseeable future.
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Molecular Forensics
Numerous examples where molecular markers have been used to identify the species or geographical source of a commercial animal product.
Table 9.5
Figure 9.9
Show Tsukiji Fish Market Slides
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Ranking Taxa For Conservation
In Management Practice: • Rarity• Restricted distribution• Ecological importance• Charisma• Economics• Management feasibility• Phylogenetic distinctiveness
Figure 9.13