Download - Fiber & Fiber Additives
What is Fiber?
● Dietary fiber are the structural parts of plants● It is made up of Polysaccharides which are large molecules
composed of long chains of monosaccharides (simple sugars)○ undigestible by human digestive enzymes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cellulose_strand.jpghttp://www.123rf.com/photo_6544120_close-up-of-cross-cut-celery-with-some-red-tomatoes-in-the-back.html
Types of Fibers● Soluble Fibers
○ fibers that dissolve in water to create a gel○ are prebiotics - bacteria in our GI tract use it as food
■ fibers are fermented and broken down by the bacteria to short chain fatty acids which our body then absorbs and can use
○ commonly found in oats, barley, legumes, and citrus fruits
http://litebite.in/decisive-dietary-fibers/ http://sagechapel.org/consumming-various-fruits/
Types of Fibers cont.
● Insoluble Fibers○ fibers that don't dissolve in water and form gels○ they don't get absorbed into our body or get fermented by
bacteria in the GI tract○ passes through our digestive system ○ found mostly in whole grains (bran) and vegetables
http://lancastria.net/blog/whole-grains-better-than-refined-grains.htmlhttp://thedailyeater.com/2012/02/foods-that-wont-make-you-a-fat-ass.html
Where Dietary Fiber Comes From?
● Dietary fibers come from plants, or plant organs○ Plants can be consumed directly to obtain the fiber source,
or the fiber can be extracted from the plants.■ Plant fiber extraction is commonly done so fiber may be
added to other sources of food.■ Or, the extractions may be done for the use of fiber
supplements
http://dev.meta07.bridgeagency.com/images/home_new/products_lower.pnghttp://www.bellissimababe.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Fruit_Photo.jpg
Methods of Fiber Extraction● Cellulose Extraction:
○ Exaction of cellulose comefrom all plants.○ Major extraction method is from Kraft
Pulping■ Responsible for around 80% of the
world's cellulose■ Achieved by chemical treatment of
wood.■ Uses caustic soda, di-sodium sulfite
to obtain cellulose■ Kept at high temp., pressure, and
pH.■ Final cellulose product requires
bleaching
http://www.npchem.co.jp/english/product/images/images_01.jpg
Finely powdered cellulose from wood pulp
Fiber Additives In Foods
● Cellulose Added to Foods○ Most widely used form is
powdered cellulose○ Other forms include cellulose gel,
and cellulose gum■ Mostly added to foods with
higher water content, such as sauces, ice cream, frozen yogurt, etc.
● Chicory Root Extract■ Contains high amounts of
Inulin ■ Found in fiber bars(i.e.,
FiberOne, FiberPlus) http://savvysavingbytes.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/cellulose-in-foods-sweets.jpg
Fiber Additives Into Supplements
● Inulin○ Prebiotic ingredient that promotes the
growth of bacteria that may improve GI health
○ Mainly extracted from Chicory Root ○ Frequently found in fiber supplements
■ Ex. Metamucil, Clean & Natural http://www.metamucil.com/images/products/metamucil_clear_and_natural.jpg
http://www.orafti.com/administration/views/html/fckuserfiles/image/chicory%202%20high%281%29.jpg
http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/406886720/chicory_root_extract_Inulin_90_food_additive.jpg
Fiber In Our Daily Life
RDA according to the FDA = 25-30 g/day1
Currently, adults only average 15 g
Why is this important?
Heart Disease
● Leading cause of death in the US
● Elimination of dietary cholesterol
● Lowering of blood cholesterol levels
● Slows liver manufacture of cholesterol and LDL particles
● Inverse relationship between dietary fiber intake and cardiovascular disease
http://www.cdc.gov/ViolencePrevention/suicide/statistics/leading_causes.htmlhttp://www.mc.uky.edu/muscle/news/news_2009.asphttp://www.cheeriosracing.com/foradults/hearthealthyeating/solublefiber/whyisitimportant_solublefiber.aspx
Obesity ● Provides fewer calories per
serving ● Greater satiety resulting
from physical properties of fiber
● Reduces rate of absorption
of food energy
● Reduction of risks associated with being overweight
http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/484768_2
http://blog.fooducate.com/2011/07/08/12-unfathomable-obesity-stats-make-you-want-to-cry/
Intestinal Health
● Prevention/Relief of Constipation
● Prevention of Diverticulitis
● Dilution of carcinogens and increase of transit speed through intestines & out of the body.
http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Gastro-Intestinal-Tract.htm
High Fiber Foods●Whole grains & cereals●Fruits
○apples, pears, oranges, kiwis, bananas
●Vegetables○cabbage, corn, peppers,
spinach●Legumes
○ lentils, beans, lima beans
http://bestcerealss.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Whole-Grains-Cereals.jpghttp://www.mensweekly.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Fiber.jpghttp://newutrition.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/istock_photo_of_beans_and_lentils.jpg
Sources of Fiber● Cereals:
○ oats, rye, rice, soybeans● Plant extracts/isolates:
○ cellulose, gums, inulin, konjac flour, psyllium
● Fruit based ingredients:○ dates, figs, raisins, apple fiber, pectin
● Glucose polymers:○ curdlan, polydextrose
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cellulose_strand.jpg/260px-Cellulose_strand.jpg http://www.oshims.
com/uploads/Psyllium_Isapgol_Seed_Husk.jpg
Synthetic Fiber
http://www.thehonestkitchen.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/oats-400x400.jpg
http://class.fst.ohio-state.edu/fst605/images/Pectin-1.gif
● Manufactured or chemically modified in labs
● Examples:○ methylcellulose○ calcium polycarbohphil○ polyglycoplex
Psyllium● Husk and seed are both used● Multiple uses:
○ stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener, suspender
○ in cosmetics● Laxative effect● Dietary claims that it can help lower
cholesterol http://www.chinese-herbs.org/content-images/355-1.jpg
● Used in many fiber supplement products:○ ex. Metamucil, Fiberall, Genfiber,
Maalox Daily Fiber Therapy, Natural Fiber Therapy
● Potential side effects include stomach pain, difficulty breathing/ swallowing, skin rash, itching, nausea, vomiting
Potential side effects:stomach pain, difficulty breathing/ swallowing, skin rash, itching, nausea, vomiting
Cellulose as a Fiber Additive● U.S. Patent in 1991
○ "A substantially, farinaceous fiber-containing batter"
● Batter for fried foods that contained fiber additive○ Cellulose
■ Benefits of added cellulose:■ Healthier■ More appealing to health
conscious consumers■ Provides a more uniform
color of the end product■ Makes the batter stronger,
helps it to retain its structure
http://sp.life123.com/bm.pix/bigstockphoto_fried_chicken_plate_2269322.s600x600.jpg
http://24.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lb7s1vNzmZ1qb2n6eo1_400.jpg
PolyGlycopleX● Synthetic fiber
○ available in capsules, powders and granules
● Made up of 3 different fiber sources: ○ konjac powder○ sodium alginate○ xantham gum
● Considered a "functional fiber"● Can account for up to 10g/day of the
RDA for fiber● Minor side effects:
○ increased flatulence, bloating, constipation
● GRAS
http://www.bioclinicnaturals.com/images/PIM/BioclinicUSA/Products/124__3__Feature.jpghttp://site.hellomagazine.ca/mostbeautifulwoman2009/images/logo-PGX.png
Sources
1. "DRI Report - Macronutrients." USDA National Agricultural Library. USDA, 24 Aug 2010. Web. 28 February 2012.
2. "Increasing Fiber Intake." UCSF Medical Center. UCSF, 2 Feb. 2012. Web. 2 March 2012.3. "Fiber- Start Roughing It!" Harvard School of Public Health. Harvard, 2007. Web. 28 February 20124. "Dietary Fiber: An Important Link In the Fight Against Heart Disease." National Fiber Council. 2009.
Web. 28 February 20125. Eastwood, Martin, Christine Edwards, Doreen Parry. Human Nutrition A Continuing Debate. New
York: Chapman & Hall, 1992. Print 6. Camilleri, Michael M.D.. "Dietary Fiber Supplements: Effects in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome and
Relationship to Gastrointestinal Functions" Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER) (2011): 65-72. PubMed. Web. 4 March. 2012