Download - Fifteen years of Transparencia Mexicana
Fifteen years of
TransparenciaMexicana
Fifteen years ofTransparenciaMexicana
3Transparency International is an organization created as a coalition of
nations to fight corruption. Its founder, Peter Eigen, was an official of
the World Bank for approximately two decades before he decided to
take a step forward in 1993, and created this organization convinced
as he was of the seriousness of the problem of corruption. Eigen,
who was a German Lawyer, established
the headquarters of the coalition in Berlin,
where it is currently located. It was hard
for Peter Eigen to set out the organization
because the problem of corruption was seen
as a politically incorrect matter and, hence,
it was not mentioned in diplomatic forums. It is said, as an anecdote,
that even inside international financial institutions they used the term
“C” factor to refer to this matter that turned out awkward to deal with.
The guiding principles of Transparency International are very simple
and clear::
• As coalition-builders, we will work cooperatively with all individuals
and groups, with for-profit and not-for-profit corporations and
organizations, and with governments and international bodies
committed to the fight against corruption, subject only to the
policies and priorities set by our governing bodies.
• We undertake to be open, honest and accountable in our
relationships with everyone we work with, and with each other.
• We will be democratic, politically non-partisan and non-sectarian in
our work.
• We will condemn bribery and corruption vigorously wherever it has
been reliably identified.
• The positions we take will be based on sound, objective and
professional analysis and high standards of research.
• We will only accept funding that does not compromise our ability
to address issues freely, thoroughly and objectively.
Brief historyof TransparencyInternational
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• We will provide accurate and timely reports of our activities to our
stakeholders.
• We will respect and encourage respect for fundamental human rights
and freedom.
• We are committed to building, working with and working through
Chapters worldwide.
• We will strive for balanced and diverse representation on our
governing bodies.
• As one global movement, we stand in solidarity with each other and
we will not act in ways that may adversely affect other Chapters or
the TI movement as a whole.
So, the actions of Transparency International aim at the diagnosis of
the problem, the development of efficient public policies, and their
application and follow up. During the ten years of the presidency of
Peter Eigen in the institution, approximately one hundred national
chapters were formed. Each chapter has a wide margin for its
internal organization, but in any case it has to comply with the basic
principles of the Institution. The acknowledgement of one national
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 59 of 90 51 of 91 57 of 102 64 of 133 64 of 146 65 of 159 70 of 163 72 of 180 72 of 180 89 of 180 98 of 178 100 of 183 105 of 176 106 of 177
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.8
Source: Transparencia Mexicana, created with data of the Corruption Perceptions Index of Transparency International 2000-2013
* This time series is presented with an informative purpose. The number of countries and sources has changed throughout the years.The dotted red line signals an adjustment in the methodology since 2012.
Corruption Perceptions Index Time series for Mexico 2000-2013*
Global position
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chapter is subject to a strict review by the central office in Berlin.
In fact, Berlin frequently takes away this acknowledgement if the
analyzed chapter does not comply with the basic principles of the
Institution. Transparency International has an annual meeting with
national chapters, where detected problems are presented but so
are successful experiences. For this reason, this meeting becomes a
great convention on the subject, which is attended by heads of state,
former heads of state, specialists on economics and on other topics.
One of the basic principles of Transparency International is that
corruption, apart from being an ethical and moral problem, is
a deep problem for economic development. In this sense, it is
not a coincidence that the countries that suffer the most from
this scourge are frequently the ones that present low levels
of development and high levels of inequality. To measure this
phenomenon, Transparency International created the Corruption
Perceptions Index (CPI), which is made public every year in the
fall. The Index, as its name implies, is a survey that collects around
ten global measurements from institutions such as the World
Economic Forum, the World Bank, Harvard University, and the World
Competitiveness Center, among others.
The CPI reflects the perception that analysts, entrepreneurs,
experts on the subject and observers have of a country. The index
shows that there is no linear connection between development
and corruption. In this sense, it breaks away from old theories and
development schemes whose paradigm was the fact that a country
had to be developed in order to reduce corruption. Through the CPI
this conception is inverted: it is proven that, in fact, it is possible
to first reduce corruption and then become a developed country.
Many attempts have been made to measure the cost of corruption
for a country; however, there are so many variables that include the
phenomenon that it is hard to establish a sole figure. Corruption
increases operation costs in companies; it limits procedures and
management –which make certain economic activities such
as incorporation of companies or opening of establishments
tortuous–, and worse, corruption mainly affects families with lower
income and, therefore, becomes a hurtful regressive tax that partly
explains injustice in countries.
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Since 2005, the Chair of Transparency International has been entitled to
Huguette Labelle, Canadian diplomat that has imbued the institution with
a new spirit. During her administration the multiplication of chapters
stopped being a priority, and focus was set on the institutionalization of
chapters. Under her direction a special committee was created to give
follow up to the institutional life of chapters, which directly reports to
the Board of Directors of Transparency. One of the problems detected
by Labelle is the fact that chapters may become platforms for personal
political projection. Consequently, she has promoted a policy against
conflicts of interest.
Transparency International has been a promoter of anti-corruption
international conventions. After a long and difficult negotiation, the
countries that are members of the OECD formed the first international
convention, which the Senate of the Republic ratified in 1999. Along
these lines, Transparency International promoted the United Nations
Convention against Corruption that was signed in Merida, Mexico, on
December 9th, 2003. Thanks to these two instruments, corruption of
companies and governments of any of the signatory countries may be
legally pursued.
Likewise, Transparency International has hugely contributed to include
the matter of corruption and good governance in the regular agenda of
most of the governments in the world. This subject stopped being taboo
to become an imperative part of discourse and, maybe more importantly,
an irreversible social demand.
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The consciousness that emerged during the last decades on the
phenomenon of corruption shows how quick the change has been.
Nowadays, it is truly difficult to believe that corruption of public servants
and other agents was not only authorized but even deductible from taxes
for big companies two decades ago.
Transparency International was a pioneer institution in the subject and
it is, therefore, the most internationally famous anti-corruption entity.
Although, currently, there are several international institutions that
monitor the course of this problem, maybe the greatest organizational
impact occurs inside the countries. In some cases, the multiplication of
social organizations dedicated to monitor the problem is amazing. It is
already an item in the national and local agenda in many countries.
9In 1999, a group of Mexicans decided to form an organization
focused on the problem of corruption. Peter Eigen insisted that one
of its members take this step given the sub-continental importance
of the country and the existence of other chapters in the area.
Following this recommendation, Transparencia Mexicana was
born, as a non-profit organization that
obtained its membership as a national
chapter in 1999. Transparencia Mexicana
has an outstanding Board of Directors (see
the list at the end of this document) that
systematically meets four times a year and
monitors the course of the strategic decisions of the Institution. The
Board has very strict guidelines regarding the independence of its
members from parties and governments. One of them sets forth that
if one of its members is invited to a party or government position,
they must automatically submit their license to the Board. Likewise,
the Board has approved a series of Rules for the renewal of its
members so as to renew the decision-making body but, at the same
time, to maintain the historical memory of the Institution.
In the integration of the Board we try to balance professions
and vocations of its members, as well as gender and age so as to
incorporate new generations to the organization since they are
the ones responsible for giving continuity to the Institution. All
the members of the Board have donated and donate their time
in a totally philanthropic manner and, frequently, they make
contributions with work and actions that correspond to their areas
of expertise. In perspective, having a Board with such a quality
and international renown has been essential to contain pressure
or open hostility from different fronts. The Board is, without a
doubt, the central anchor of the continuity of institutional works of
Transparencia Mexicana.
Transparencia MexicanaMexican Chapter ofTransparency International
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Transparencia Mexicana has a considerable group of specialists in several
areas who give advice regarding the programs of the organization,
especially for the program of Integrity in Public Procurement. Only that
way, Transparencia Mexicana can have presence in so different areas and
so different tenders as: the construction of an 800-million-dollar dam,
production of voting cards or sand-dredging in Cancun beaches. Four
years ago, the management team decided that, given the complexity of
the interventions, they would act with multidisciplinary groups.
Transparencia Mexicana is formed by an executive support office that
varies in size depending on the number of activities in progress. The office
has an executive director in charge of leading day by day the policies
set forth by the Board and the programs derived from it. Apart from the
executive director, the office is formed by a permanent team of no more
than seven people, plus a knowledge network of up to 40 people that
work through transverse cooperation. In the office of Transparencia
Mexicana, all the members know the characteristics of the projects that
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are carried out as an Institution. This characteristic, which may seem
exclusively organizational, comes from a central ethical principle
for the team. It is sought that the members of the office are truly
convinced of the importance of the actions implemented and that, in
turn, they work as filters before possible invitations that just seek to
obtain the credibility seal of our institution.
However, one of the characteristics of the Board of the Mexican office
is the willingness to enter into highly conflictive areas and work with
institutions whose problems of corruption are known. It is a principle
that aims at breaking the vicious circle of just attending and obtaining
resources from activities in areas that we know that are no longer
troublesome.
Another operational principle, established by the Board and the law
itself, is that the economic surpluses that are obtained from certain
activities should be invested in programs that are not self-financing
but that have a social importance. There are programs that we know
in advance that shall allow us to obtain surpluses, which are applied
to other programs that we know shall be loss-making. Transparencia
Mexicana, in turn, carries out donations in work for all kinds of
institutions that require the strategic support of the Institution. The
audited financial statements of Transparencia Mexicana may be found
in our Website for anyone to look them up. The accounting of our
institution is observed in the inside and outside.
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Transparencia Mexicana has been working on three basic areas: a)
Measurement of the impact of corruption; b) Program of integrity
in public procurement; c) Sectoral programs on health, education,
environment and other areas.
Measurement of the impact of corruption
By the end of 1999, Transparencia Mexicana called up a group of
specialists to devise a statistical mechanism to measure the impact of
corruption on Mexican homes. 45 professionals of several specialties
participated in this design and at first it was proposed that the study
registered not only the perception of corruption, but also the actual
and measurable impact it has on households. We must point out that
in that moment the problem of corruption was seen as something
anecdotic and not very important. Two of every three Mexicans
thought so. A significant percentage of the population expressed
that corruption was an almost congenital matter to Mexican people
and a little less than 10% stated that it benefited economy. In light of
this situation, one of the main purposes of the study was to create
consciousness of the scale and extent of the problem.
After a year of work, a totally original design was achieved to carry out
a national survey to find out information, among heads of households,
about the 38 procedures that damage Mexican families the most. The
study had a section on the perception of corruption and another one
about the culture of Mexicans regarding illegality and corruption.
Based on the methodological requirements of representation, 16
thousand questionnaires were applied in each one of the 32 states of
the country. The costs of this kind of study are, therefore, very high
so Transparencia Mexicana turned to business organizations and
foundations to finance the study. One of the conditions is that none
of the sponsors offers a service evaluated by the study, thus avoiding
any conflict of interest. The first issuance of the National Index of
Corruption and Good Governance (INCBG, Spanish acronym) was
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published in 2001 and created such a shock that some governors tried
to challenge the methodology and they even questioned the intentions
of Transparencia Mexicana.
The study has been reproduced five more times, so currently there is
a historical record of the different states regarding the performance
of the several administrations and the evolution of their procedures.
These exercises promote a mutual knowledge among state
governments to fight corrupt practices. Given the political context
around the INCBG, it was expected to attribute more corruption to
one political party and less to others. However, the numbers show
that there is no direct correlation between levels of corruption and
the colors of the party in the government. This situation has been
fortunate because the reading of the INCBG has differentiated itself
from the party discussion and, clearly, a more professional approach
to the problem of corruption has been achieved. The study has become
the referent most widely used by national experts, analysts and
journalists in the matter of corruption. It is not merely anecdotic that
in the debates of the presidential election of 2012, the most quoted
2001 2003 2005 2007 2010
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0
Source: Transparencia Mexicana, created with data of the Índice Nacional de Corrupción y Buen Gobierno, 2001-2010.
* This time series is presented with an informative purpose.
National evolution in time of the incbg
National
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8.510.1 10.0 10.3
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institution was Transparencia Mexicana, and none of the candidates
refuted the data of the study.
The INCBG has been reproduced in many Latin-American nations:
Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Peru, Paraguay and Nicaragua.
This shows its usefulness and originality. The same questions have been
used for more than a decade; only three have been eliminated because
they were irrelevant and to give historical soundness to the study.
Transparencia Mexicana has tried, as nearly as practicable, to summon
national encounters with the attendance of professors, public servants,
as well as the ones responsible for corporate governance of several
companies to share the results of the Index. The data bank of the study,
which is already the longest historical series in the whole continent,
is located in the Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE,
Spanish acronym), so as to spread the generated information.
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Program of Integrity in Public Procurement
It is worth mentioning that what we call in México “Integrity
Pacts” are the result of an experience collected during a Meeting
of Transparency International where “islands of integrity” were
discussed. As of 2000, Transparencia Mexicana has promoted the idea
of the existence of community observance in different areas of the
public administration. In this context, and based on integrity pacts,
a mechanism of community control and surveillance was created
which is called Social Witness, which has been applied for more than
a decade. In 2001, the law that regulates this kind of observation
was modified. As time went by and as the concept of Social Witness
proved its usefulness, the Mexican government got to the conclusion
that it was important to incorporate the concept to the Law of Public
Acquisitions and Works; incorporation that was carried out in 2004.
Since then, the concept has been used at a federal and local level.
Transparencia Mexicana is not the only institution that implements
this mechanism but it is by far the most requested one. Annually,
more than 80% of the invitations received by the institution are
declined. To date, it is estimated that the organization has monitored
about 51.5 billion dollars of public works (see TM monitoring in
figures at the end of the document).
The purpose of Social Witness is to guarantee transparency in all the
stages of public procurement, as well as to promote that tenders
are made in accordance with the law. In fact, Social Witnesses work
between the bidders of the goods and services and the authorities
in order to achieve clarity in the requirements of whatever is being
put out to tender. Sometimes, when dealing with big public works,
the meetings with the Social Witness, the bidders and the authorities
regarding the clarifications of the terms of reference draft and the
terms of the call for bid may take months of work. One of the side
effects of these exercises is to get the press well informed about
the evolution of these procedures, which reduces considerably the
attacks, the slander and even the crossed accusations of illegality
that overshadow these processes before the public opinion.
Another important but not central effect of Social Witness is to have
a direct impact on the price of the acquired goods when promoting
healthy competition among the bidders. This happens especially
in case of certain standardized products that are in an open
market. Frequently, the savings achieved through this mechanism
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are measured in hundreds of millions of dollars, which brings a
significant benefit to good governance. The responsibility of this
concept, now regulated by law, is huge; therefore, it is essential to
carry out a careful and rigorous selection of the people that shall
play this key role. Although it is true that the deliberation goes
through the professional ability, it also goes through an analysis
of the public reputation and conflicts of interests of the witnesses.
Thus, there is an objective content in the invitation and a totally
subjective content that is responsibility of the Institution.
A formula used by Transparencia Mexicana at the beginning of
these exercises was calling renowned technical advisors that
accompanied the Institutions in the great insurance contests of the
national company of electricity, the Federal Electricity Commission
(CFE, Spanish acronym) or in the disincorporation of a bank under
the control of the State. Advisors offer an honest career that makes
them well-known in the reference point in question, besides, they
are important people who have everything to lose and nothing to
win in terms of reputation. Hence they are shielded by their own
career (see list of technical advisors at the end of this document).
Sectoral programs on health, education,environment and other areas
EducaTIoN
The Board of Transparencia Mexicana has decided that the
programs of the Institution should focus on several sectors of great
social relevance. Even though the tender of a dam is important due
to the amounts of money handled in it, there are other areas such
as education where the Institution has to participate. Transparencia
Mexicana estimated the amount of the “voluntary” contributions
that parents make in public schools. The approximate amount was
500 million dollars. Apart from the economic burden, many times
the contributions in question are made by families of the most
socially excluded areas from an economic point of view, and the
poorest ones based on their income. That is why Transparencia
Mexicana, in coordination with the Secretariat of Public Education,
organized the Conferences on Transparency and Accountability in
federal schools of high school and college education. During these
c)
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events, the principals of the schools appear before the community
that consists of the group of teachers of the institution, the students
and parents. Before them the principal presents the educational goals
set out the previous year and the plan for the next academic year.
In addition, during the conferences, the principals have to present a
balance explaining how the contributions were spent.
More than one thousand schools have participated in such
conferences. One of the findings of the exercise is that a high
percentage of the school principals did not have basic notions of
accounting, situation that affected the school finances. Currently, this
exercise is institutionalized. To date, it is estimated that about one
million students have participated in the conferences. Transparencia
Mexicana hopes that this institutional lesson of accountability shall
have an influence in their lives.
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daycarE cENTErS
In June 2009, the ABC Daycare in Hermosillo, Sonora caught
fire causing the death of 49 boys and girls. The building lacked
appropriate security measures and emergency exits. The institution
was subrogated by the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS,
Spanish acronym), the Mexican institution in charge of taking care
of company’s workers.
IMSS went to Transparencia Mexicana seeking support before a
situation that deeply affected public opinion in the country. As a
response and in order to prevent this kind of events from happening
again, Transparencia Mexicana, with the enthusiasm of its executive
director, designed a scheme of parental systematic observation of
this kind of places. An observation guide was elaborated for parents
to help them have a basic training on the elements a daycare must
have to guarantee children’s safety. We started with a pilot program
in a small entity and then the great national program was launched.
There was some resistance and reluctance to defeat from both
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administrators and society itself; however, between October 2010,
when the mechanism started, and September 2012, 2,751 visits were
made with the participation of 16,068 parents that are beneficiaries
of the Institute, who donated more than 31,170 hours of their time to
observe the integral security measures. After the implementation of
the mechanism, it was verified that 99% of the daycare centers in the
country meet at least 90% of the health and safety conditions.
The proposal of Transparencia Mexicana is to extend this kind
of exercises to other institutions, such as the Institute for Social
Security and Services for State Workers (ISSSTE, Spanish acronym) in
charge of the social security of State workers, or to the State health
and education systems. Of course, there is always a possibility of
increasing coverage and apply it to Family Medical Units, which
are the first places where families go to when they have a health
problem. There the challenge would be different, because the
capacity of the beneficiaries to organize themselves is smaller than
that of the parents’ in daycare centers. However, again, it would
be about several thousand units, which implies a consistent and
ordered effort. In any case, the principle observed by Transparencia
Mexicana is to respect and involve its main ally: the citizen. In all the
exercises where the community has been involved the results have
been highly effective.
Transparencia Mexicana donated the methodology for the
observation of the daycare centers of the institutions involved.
INSTITuTIoNal STrENGThENING of SocIal ProGraMS
In 2001, when the Federal Transparency and Access to Governmental
Public Information Act was not enacted yet, the Secretariat of Social
Development proposed to Transparencia Mexicana to contribute
to the public control of social programs by promoting public
participation. Transparencia Mexicana worked with substantial
information regarding the rules of operation of federal social
programs and published, together with the Federal Electoral
Institute (IFE, Spanish acronym), a public manual for the observation
and monitoring of social programs.
In 2008, the concern to have institutionalized social programs had
passed the federal scope; this concern had reached the States.
The apparently simple question, “How many social programs are
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there in Mexico?” became a real puzzle. Between 2008 and 2011,
Transparencia Mexicana added up efforts with the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP), and together they launched the
Initiative for the Institutional Strengthening of Social Programs
(IPRO, Spanish acronym).
From 2008 to date, with the direct participation of State
governments and the Federal District, IPRO has made an inventory
of more than 1,770 social programs in the country. The levels of
Institutional strength of the programs vary depending on the federal
secretariat that administers them, on the State government where
they operate or on their purpose or extent. A constant that indicates
low Institutional strenght in the programs has been the lack of
mechanisms of public participation in them.
In 2011, the Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL, Spanish
acronym), the National Council for Evaluation of Social Development
Policy (CONEVAL), the UNDP and Transparencia Mexicana decided
to promote a National Catalogue of Social Programs. This catalogue,
the first of its kind, shall allow any citizen to know the offer of social
policy of the Federation, the States and the Federal District. In its
design, the National Catalogue of Social Programs includes the
guidelines of open government considered by the Open Government
Partnership (OGP).
TraNSParENcy aNd clIMaTE chaNGE
One of the most recent global priorities is adaptation and mitigation
of the effects of climate change. The world is spending more and
more resources to face its effects and facilitate an energy transition.
Transparency International has started to include these problems
in its agenda. This is the first time in history that a strategic
global agenda is born in conjunction with the social capacity for
monitoring and the necessary surveillance of a technical nature.
Transparencia Mexicana collaborates with other six countries to
monitor the private and public resources that are being invested in
the subject.
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It is important to know that the private funds of the carbon
markets are considered as part of this initiative. The reason is
simple: if fiscal resources destined to mitigate and adapt the
effects of climate change are important, market mechanisms are
many times more important.
The surveillance of public resources meant the transformation
of the abilities of civil society; monitoring private resources for
public purposes requires a new transformation of the citizens.
That is why in conjunction with the work of market monitoring,
Transparencia Mexicana has launched the initiative “Citizens
and Markets” that shall allow to understand and explain the new
features of democratic control.
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Emilio carrillo Peñafiel
He is a lawyer by the National
Autonomous University of Mexico
and a Public Accountant by the
Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de
México. He holds a Master’s degree
in Business Administration by the
Kellogg School of Management of
Northwestern University. He is a
Partner of the Firm Carrillo Gam-
boa, S.C., a law firm specialized in
providing legal support to compa-
nies that are interested in funding
opportunities, or of acquisition
and association in Mexico. He has
specialized in providing counseling
to companies involved in regula-
ted sectors, such as the energy,
telecommunications, the financial
sector, and the real estate sector.
The projects he has been involved
throughout his career exceed the
sum of eight billion dollars and
involve the sectors of access to the
Mexican market, privatizations,
securities issues, fusions, acquisi-
tions, co-investments and structu-
re finance. He is a member of seve-
ral Boards of Directors of diverse
institutions linked to his profes-
sional practice. He was an advisor
of the Mexican Government in the
negotiation of the North American
Free Trade Agreement.
Manuel arango arias
He is a Mexican entrepreneur and
philanthropist. He is the founder
and President of Grupo Concord
S.A. de C.V. and of Grupo Marina
CostaBaja. He is the founder of
Compartir Fundación Social, I.A.P.,
of the Centro Mexicano para la
Filantropía, A.C., organization
from which he is the Honorary Life
Chairman, of Fundación Xochitla,
A.C., of the Fundación Mexicana
para la Educación Ambiental, A.C.
and of Caracol de Plata, A.C. He is
a member of the Board of Trans-
parencia Mexicana and from the
Governing Board of the Fundación
para las Letras Mexicanas, A.C. He
is also the Honorary Chairman of
the Consejo Consultivo del Agua.
In the international sphere he is a
member of the Governing Body of
the Encuentros Iberoamericanos
de la Sociedad Civil and a member
of the Directive Committee of
Foro Iberoamérica. As a result of
the production of the documen-
tary “Centinelas del Silencio” he
won two Oscar awards in 1971 on
behalf of the Academy of Motion
Picture Arts and Sciences.
José Manuel covarrubias Solís
He is a Civil Engineer by the Natio-
nal University of Mexico and he
coursed a Master’s degree in Civil
Engineering in the School of Engi-
neering of the National University.
He is a professor and tenured
lecturer of the same University.
He has been a professor in the
School of Engineering since 1953
to this day. Simultaneously he has
occupied multiple positions in the
National University, among which
we can highlight being Director
of the School of Engineering and
General Administrative Secretary
and Treasurer. He is the author of
diverse publications among which
is the book Apuntes para Mecánica
de Materiales parte de Torsión, of
several articles regarding Enginee-
ring and of multiple chapters of
several books. He carried out his
professional practices in Inge-
nieros Civiles Asociados, S.A., in
Industria del Hierro, S.A., in Jeffrey
Manufacturera Mexicana, S.A. and
in Constructora SIA, S.A. He is a
member emeritus of the Mexican
School of Civil Engineers, member
of the Asociación Mexicano-Fran-
cesa de Ingenieros Civiles, foun-
ding member of the Fundación
UNAM and founding member of
the Music Academy of the Palacio
de Minería.
Members of the Board of directors / acTIvE MEMBErS
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Sergio García ramírez
He obtained his bachelor’s degree
in law from the Law School of the
UNAM and his PhD in law in the
same School. He is a researcher at
the Institute of Juridical Research
and professor of the Law School,
UNAM. He is also a National Re-
searcher Emeritus in the National
System of Researchers. He is the
author of more than fifty books
and many journal articles publis-
hed in Mexico and abroad. He is
member of several academic and
professional corporations, such as
the Mexican Academy of Criminal
Sciences (from which he is Pre-
sident), the Mexican Academy of
Legislation and Jurisprudence, the
Mexican Institute of Procedural
Law, among others. He is member
of the International Society of
Social Defense (vice-president)
and of the International Penal and
Penitentiary Foundation. He was
awarded Honorary Doctorates by
several Mexican and foreign uni-
versities. He was the Government
General Deputy Director of the
Secretariat of the Interior, as well
as Attorney General of the Federal
District, Secretary of Labor and So-
cial Welfare and Attorney General
of the Republic. Between 1992 and
1995 he was President (founder)
of the Agrarian Superior Court. He
has been Judge and President of
the Inter-American Court of Human
Rights and Electoral Counselor in
the Federal Electoral Institute.
david antonio Ibarra Muñoz
He is a Public Accountant and has
a Bachelor Degree in Economics
by the National Autonomous
University of Mexico. He continued
his Graduate Studies in Stanford
University. He received an Hono-
rary Doctorate from the National
Autonomous University of Mexico
in the year 2010. He has been a con-
sultant of the UNECLAC for several
periods. He worked as a consultant
of the General Director of Pemex,
consultant of the Inter-American
Development Bank, as the Gene-
ral Director of the National Bank
of Mexico, as Secretary of the
Treasury, as the General Director of
Nacional Financiera, S.A., as Chair
of the Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean,
at the Mexican Office. He gives
an annual cycle of lectures in the
Faculty of Economics of the UNAM,
where he was a professor from
1955 to 1970; and from 1963 to 1968
in the Instituto Latinoamericano
de Planificación Económica y
Social (ILPES). Nowadays he is the
Chair of the Editorial Board of the
Economics Magazine UNAM. In
the Faculty of Economics he has
published several books like: La
Tributación en México y Paradig-
mas monetarios en México, among
others.
Sergio lópez ayllón
He obtained his PhD in Law from
the National Autonomous Universi-
ty of Mexico (UNAM). He obtained a
Master’s Degree in sociology of law
and social relations from the Uni-
versity of Paris II. He is a researcher
professor of the Center for Econo-
mic Research and Teaching (CIDE,
Spanish acronym) from which he
is currently Director General. He is
member of the National System of
Researchers (level III) and the Mexi-
can Academy of Sciences. He is
author of several books and he has
published many articles and chap-
ters of books both in Mexico and
abroad regarding the themes of
right to information and transpa-
rency, regulation and sociology of
law. He has given diploma courses
and postgraduate courses in the
most important academic institu-
tions of higher education in the
country, and he has participated in
several national and international
seminars and symposiums. He has
had several positions in the Fede-
ral Public Administration; he has
also been adviser of the Supreme
Court of Justice of the Nation, the
Chamber of Deputies, the Cham-
ber of Senators, the Secretariat of
Economy, the Secretariat of Public
Administration and the Federal
Institute for Access to Information,
among other institutions.
24
María del carmen Pardo lópez
She obtained a PhD in History from
the Universidad Iberoamericana
and a PhD in Political Sciences form
the University of Paris II. She has a
Bachelor’s degree in Political Scien-
ces and Public Administration by
the National Autonomous Univer-
sity of Mexico. She is a member of
the National System of Researchers
(level III), member of the Consejo
Consultivo para la Gestión Pública
of the Ministry of Public Adminis-
tration, of the Editorial Committee
in the magazine Gestión y Política
Pública of the CIDE and of the Edi-
torial Committee of the Economy,
Administration and Finances of
the Fondo de Cultura Económica.
She has also been a government
representative as an independent
member of the Inconformity Com-
mission of INFONAVIT, as Director of
the Center of International Studies
and as an advisor for international
organisms like the United Nations
and the Latin-American Center of
Development Administration. She is
the author of several books and has
published numerous articles and
chapters in books. Among her most
recent books are: Administración
Pública Mexicana del Siglo XX y La
modernización administrativa en
México: 1940-2006.
olga Pellicer Silva
Has a Master’s Degree in Interna-
tional Relations by the Institute of
High International Studies of the
University of Paris and she obtai-
ned her Bachelor’s Degree in Inter-
national Relations by the UNAM.
Throughout her teaching career
she has held different positions,
like General Coordinator of the
Instituto Matías Romero de Estu-
dios Diplomáticos of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, as Principal of
the Department of Economics
and International Politics of the
CIDE and as a research-professor
at El Colegio de México. To this
day she is a research-professor
in the Department of Interna-
tional Studies of the ITAM. In her
diplomatic career she has acted
as Ambassador in Austria and
Permanent Representative before
the International Organisms based
in Vienna, as Ambassador before
the United Nations in New York
and as Ambassador in Greece. She
was also the Chief Executive of the
System of United Nations in the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Chair of
the UN Commission on the Status
of Women, Chair of the Working
Group for the organization of the
IV World Conference of the Women
that had place in Beijing. She is or
has been a member of the Consejo
mexicano de Asuntos Internaciona-
les, of the Academic Council of the
United Nations and the Mexican
Academy of Sciences.
felipe Pérez cervantes
He is the actual Chair of the
Consejo Emisor and of the Centro
de Investigación y Desarrollo del
Consejo Mexicano de Normas de
Información Financiera, A.C. (CINIF,
Spanish acronym), an independent
institution that is responsible for
issuing the accounting standards
in Mexico, organization that he
has chaired since January of 2005.
He is a member of the Directorio
del Grupo Latinoamericano de
Emisores de Normas de Informa-
ción Financiera (GLENIF, Spanish
acronym). He is also a member of
the Emerging Economies Group
of the IASB, and an active partici-
pant in the International Forum
of Accounting Standard Setters
(IFASS, Spanish acronym). He was
a partner of PricewaterhouseCoo-
pers, S.C. where he worked during
40 years. He has been a professor
of Audit, Operational Audit and he
has given the Seminar of Profes-
sional Problems. He was the Chair
of the Comité Ejecutivo Nacional
and of the Governing Board of
the Instituto Mexicano de Conta-
dores Públicos. He is a lecturer of
financial and accounting themes
in several places of the country
and abroad.
Members of the Board of directors / acTIvE MEMBErS
25
Jacqueline Peschard Mariscal
Jacqueline Peschard obtained her
PhD in Social Science from El Cole-
gio de Michoacán. She is currently
a full time professor in the School
of Political and Social Sciences, a
position she had in the year 1979-
1991 and that she retook in 2003.
She is a member of the National
System of Researchers since 1988
and of the Mexican Academy of
Sciences since 1994. Dr. Peschard is
also a full member of the Semi-
nar of Mexican Culture since the
year 2008. In the year 2005 she
was a visiting research fellow of
the Woodrow Wilson Center in
Washington DC. In the Colegio de
México she was a professor and a
researcher during the years 1991-
1998. She was an Electoral Counci-
lor of the General Council of the Fe-
deral Electoral Institute of Mexico
during the years 1996-2003. She
was a Comissioner of the Federal
Institute for Access to Information
and Data Protection from 2007
to 2014. She was the President of
this institute during the period of
2009 to 2013. In February, 2014 she
became a member of the Board of
Transparencia Mexicana.
ricardo Pozas horcasitas
He has a PhD in Latin-American
Studies from the National Autono-
mous University of Mexico (UNAM),
a PhD in Political Sociology from
the School for Advanced Studies in
Paris. Currently, he works as a full-
time, tenured, C-level Researcher
at the Institute of Social Research
of UNAM. He was Director of such
Institute from 1989 to 1997. He is
member of the National System
of Researchers level III and level D
of PRIDE-UNAM. He has published
43 articles in arbitrated academic
journals of international circula-
tion; he is the author of 6 books, 37
book chapters, 23 diffusion articles
and the editor of 3 books. He was
a member of the Latin-American
representation to the International
Social Science Council of UNESCO
and Consultant of the same Inter-
national Organization; Member of
the Technical Consultative Council
of the National Institute of His-
torical Studies of the Revolution
of Mexico, 2013. Secretary of the
Board of Directors of the Mexican
Academy of Sciences from 1995 to
1999. Between 1994 and 1996, he
was Citizen Counselor of the Gene-
ral Council of the Federal Electoral
Institute, member of the United
Nations Technical Committee
(UNDP) for the Evaluation of the
Electoral Observation in Mexico’s
elections of 1997, 2000 and 2009,
among many other activities.
federico reyes heroles
González Garza
Federico Reyes Heroles is a renow-
ned writer and political analyst. He
has more than 12 published books,
among which are some essays in
political philosophy like Entre las
bestias y los dioses and Alterados.
He has also published five novels
among which are: Noche Tibia, Ca-
non, which was made into a feature
film in 2014, and El Abecedario, his
most recent publication. He has
been a political commentator and
writer of weekly feature articles for
more than thirty years in different
publications. He currently writes in
the newspaper Excélsior. He is the
founder of the magazine of national
circulation ESTE PAÍS that has more
than 20 years of existence and the
actual President of the Foundation
that names itself after the magazine,
dedicated to social research. In his
professional career we can empha-
size his performance as a member
of the National Human Rights
Commission and as a member of the
University Patronage of the UNAM.
He is also one of the founders and
the Chair of the Board of Transpa-
rencia Mexicana an organization
created in 1999 to fight corruption
and promote good governance. He
presides over the Patronage of the
Tagle Foundation, an organization
dedicated to the attention of senior
citizens and has recently been incor-
porated to the Governing Board of
the National Institute for Geriatrics.
26
ulises Schmill ordoñez
He has as a Bachelor’s degree in
Law from the National Autono-
mous University of Mexico. He took
the PhD course in Law at UNAM,
where he finished the studies but
did not obtain the degree. In the
Secretariat of Finance and Public
Credit he was Technical Deputy Di-
rector of the Directorate of Income
Tax. In the Secretariat of Foreign
Affairs he had the following posi-
tions: Ambassador of Mexico to the
Federal Republic of Austria, am-
bassador of Mexico to the Federal
Republic of Germany, Permanent
representative of Mexico to the
United Nations Industrial Deve-
lopment Organization (UNIDO).
He is founding partner of Schmill
del Valle, S.C., and President of the
General Council of the Arbitration
Center of Mexico. In the Supreme
Court of Justice of the Nation he
was Minister President of the Four-
th Room, Minister President and
President of the Commission of
Government and Administration.
Currently, he is researcher pro-
fessor of the ITAM. He is Tenured
Professor at UNAM Law School and
professor of the Instituto Mexica-
no de Estudios Fiscales, A.C. Among
his published books we have:
Teoría del derecho y del estado and
Reconstrucción Pragmática de la
Teoría del Derecho.
luis rubio freidberg
Luis Rubio is chairman of CIDAC
(Center of Research for Develop-
ment), an independent research
institution devoted to the study
of economic and political policy
issues. Winner of the APRA book
award 1985, in 1993 he was given
the Dag Hammarskjöld award and
in 1998 the National Journalism
Award for op-ed pieces. Rubio is a
prolific writer on political, econo-
mic and international subjects. He
is a contributing editor of Reforma
and his analyses and opinions
often appear in major newspapers
and journals in Mexico, the US and
Europe (Wall Street Journal, Los
Angeles Times, Washington Post).
He serves on the boards of several
hedge funds, EMICA, Afore Bana-
mex and The Tinker Foundation. He
served in the board of directors of
The Human Rights Commission of
the Federal District and is mem-
ber of the Trilateral Commission.
He is author and editor of forty
six books, including Ganarle a la
mediocridad, Concentrémonos en
crecer y Clasemediero. Before joi-
ning CIDAC, in the 1970′s he was
planning director of Citibank in
Mexico and served as an adviser to
Mexico’s Secretary of the Treasury.
He holds a diploma in Financial
Management, a MMBA, and his MA
and PhD in political science are
from Brandeis University.
José Sarukhán Kermez
He graduated with a degree in
biology from the National Auto-
nomous University of Mexico and
holds a Master’s in Agricultural
Botany from the Postgraduate
College and a Ph.D. in Ecology from
the University of Wales. He was
elected as Rector (President) of the
UNAM for two consecutive periods
from 1989 to1997. In 1992 he was
designated by the President as the
National Coordinator for Mexico’s
National Commission for Knowled-
ge and Use of Biodiversity (CONA-
BIO), position that he currently
holds. He has published more than
180 research papers and authored
and co-authored several books,
among them: Árboles Tropicales
de México, Las Musas de Darwin y
Manual de Malezas del Valle de Mé-
xico, Perspectives on plant popula-
tion Ecology, México ante los retos
de la Biodiversidad, Conservating
Biodiversity. He recently published:
Patrimonio Natural de México: 100
casos de éxito, El Cambio Climático
causas, efectos y soluciones. He is
a member of the Governing Board
of multiple international organi-
zations. He has received multiple
distinctions and prizes and hono-
rary doctorates from numerous
Mexican and foreign universities.
Members of the Board of directors / acTIvE MEMBErS
27
alberto Tiburcio celorio
He is a Public Accountant by the
Universidad Iberoamericana and
has a Master’s degree in Business
Administration by the Instituto
Tecnológico Autónomo de Méxi-
co. He worked in Ernst & Young,
Mexico (Mancera, S.C.) from the
year 1969 to 2013, year in which he
retired; he was named Chairman
and General Director of the firm on
the 1st of January of 2001, position
he held until his retirement. Before
receiving this position he carried
out his professional practice in the
area of Audit, area that allowed
him to directly attend costumers,
be a Commissioner and participa-
te in the Administrative Councils
of renowned enterprises. He was
also the Accountability and Audit
Director and the Director of the
International Practice of the Firm.
He was a member of the Global
Advisory Council, as well as Chair-
man of the Governing Body of the
Consejo Mexicano de Normas de
Información Financiera, A.C. In the
years 1994 and 1995 he was the
Chairman of the Instituto Mexica-
no de Contadores Públicos, A.C.; he
also held the position of Vice Chair
of Legislation and presided over
the Comisión de Principios de Con-
tabilidad of this institute. In 2003
he was acknowledged with the
Award for Professional Excellence
awarded by the ITAM. Mr. Tibur-
cio is currently an independent
consultant.
Bernardo Sepúlveda amor
He has a Law degree from the
UNAM and a Master’s degree in
International Law from Cambrid-
ge University. He has received
Honorary Doctorates from seve-
ral universities. In the academic
field he has been a professor at El
Colegio de Mexico, at the School
of Political and Social Sciences,
UNAM; a researcher at the Institute
of Legal Research; and a founding
member of the Centro de Investi-
gaciónes y Docencia Economíca
(CIDE). He is the author of several
essays, articles and multiple books.
In the Public Administration he has
held, among others, the following
positions: Secretary of the Pre-
sidency, and Director General
for International Affairs at the
Secretary of the Treasury, Principal
Adviser on International Affairs to
the Secretary of the Budget and
Secretary of Foreign Relations of
Mexico. He has represented Mexico
in multiple international forums
and has been a member of diverse
Mexican delegations in assemblies
and conferences of the United
Nations, of the World Bank and of
the International Monetary Fund.
He was Ambassador of Mexico to
the United States of America and
to the United Kingdom. He has also
received numerous prizes, orders
and decorations. To this day he is
the Vice-President of the Inter-
national Court of Justice; he is a
member of the Court since 2006.
Eduardo Bohórquez lópez
Executive director
Has been the Director of Trans-
parencia Mexicana since 1999. He
finished his studies in Political
Science and Public Administration
in the Autonomous University
of Mexico (UNAM), and holds a
Master’s Degree in Development
Studies from the University of
Cambridge in the United Kingdom.
Eduardo has focused his career on
transparency and accountability,
which in his opinion, are the main
obstacles for development in Latin
America. Eduardo has promoted
the Open Government Partnership
in Mexico, as well as the creation
of the first National Catalogue on
Social Programs. Furthermore,
Eduardo has been responsible for
coordinating the monitoring more
that 150 procurement processes in
Mexico in different sectors, such as
telecommunications, energy and
public services. From 2009 to 2011,
Eduardo served as member of the
Board of the Extractive Industries
Transparency Initiative (EITI). He
very recently published a report on
the challenges of institutionalizing
social policy in emerging markets.
Currently, Eduardo is dedicated
to promote social participation
mechanism for monitoring public
services delivery.
29
Monitoring in figuresof public procurement2001-2012
charT 1TM monitoring of awarding of contracts
year Monitoring in figures
2001 6
2002 13
2003 14
2004 12
2005 11
2006 6
2007 7
2008 18
2009 25
2010 26
2011 21
2012 7
TOTAL 156
charT 2Procurement monitoring regarding government plans and programs
Monitoring in figures
Plan or program
14 National Development Plan 2000-2006
4 National Infrastructure Plan 2000-2006
2 National Program “Towards a country of readers” (2002)
2 National Education Program 2001-2006
10 National Infrastructure Program 2007- 2012
42 National Health Program 2007-2012
3 National Infrastructure Strategy
6 National Development Plan 2007-2012
2 PNational Culture Program 2007-2012
charT 3Number of procedures per sector, based on the classification issued by INEGI (Spanish acronym for National Institute for Statistics, Geography and Informatics)
Number of procedures
Sector
7 Financial and insurance services
4 Corporate
7 Generation, transmission and distribution of energy, water and gas supply through pipes to the final consumer
18 Professional, scientific and technical services
10 Construction
5 Transport, mail and storage
13 Information in mass media
2 Real Estate services and rent of personal intangible property
7 Support services for businesses and waste management and remediation services
12 Legislative, government, activities, administration of justice and international and extraterritorial organisms
30 Wholesale trading
21 Health and social services
Monitored amounts:
• 565,630,404,653.74, in current pesos that correspond to what was awarded in the procedures that TM has monitored.
• 51,524,760,310, in current dollars that correspond to what was awarded in the procedures that TM has monitored.
administration
Alfredo Torres Cisneros
Social anthropology
Rosa María Rubalcava
architecture
Agustín Hernández Hernández
Diego Praxedis Cordera Mora
Francisco Pérez de Salazar Verea
Telmo Azorín Bernárdez
archival science
Daniel Martínez Bonilla
Political Science
Arcelia Martínez Bordón
María Carina Navarro Amieva
María de Lourdes Melgar Palacios
accounting
Mario Espinola Pinelo
Roberto Álvarez Argüelles
law
Luz del Carmen Carrillo Careaga
Silvia Eugenia Rocha Torres
Economics
Judith Mariscal Avilés
Rocío Santoyo Vistraín
Samuel Sheinbaum Yoselevit
Biomedical Engineering
María Elena Algorri Guzmán
civil Engineering
Edgar Gerardo Mendoza Baldwin
Juan Antonio Mere Alcocer
Juan Casillas García de León
José Manuel Covarrubias Solís
Juan Valdez Juárez
Maximiliano García Chabert
Salvador Díaz Díaz
Electrical Engineering
Ante Salcedo González
Federico Kuhlmann Rodríguez
Salvador Landeros Ayala
Electronic Engineering
Alfredo Piero Mateos Papis
Fernando Ramírez Mireles
José Antonio Thomsen Zenteno
Uciel Fragoso Rodríguez
communications Engineering
Eugenio Jorge Gamboa Hirales
Jorge Luis Carrasco Marín
computer Engineering
Laura Jácome Madariaga
Systems Engineering
Heriberto Olguín Romo
Telecommunications
Engineering
Arturo Robles Rovalo
Laura Silvia Espino Fajardo
Industrial and Environmental
Engineering
Fernando Ortíz Monasterio Prieto
chemical Engineering
Benito Bucay Faradji
Mathematics
Analía Babinsky Epstein
Medicine
Guillermo Martínez Salazar
chemistry
Adriana Santiago Echauri
Sociology
Ricardo Pozas Horcasitas
Technical advisors(per specialty)
30
31
Executive Team
Eduardo Bohórquez
(Executive Director)
Mariluz Arranz
Bruno Brandao
Araceli Cordero
Carla Crespo
Nora Etxaniz
Rafael García
Monserrat Hernández
Ana Catalina Mayoral
Vania Montalvo
Paola Palacios
Gabriela Ramírez
Alejandra Rascón
Gerardo Sarabia
Vanessa Silveyra
Irene Tello
forMEr MEMBErS
of ThE Board of dIrEcTorS
Sergio aguayo Quezada
José ramón cossío díaz
cecilia loria Saviñón (†)
Gastón luken
humberto Murrieta Necoechea (†)
www.transparency.org