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Figurative Language and Argument
Giving style to your substance
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Figurative Language
First Strength:
Aids in understanding by likening something unknown to something known.
Ex: Watson and Crick
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Figurative Language
Aids your argument by making it extremely memorable.
Ex: Langston Hughes
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Langston Hughes“Harlem-A Dream Deferred”What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry upLike a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore-And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over-
Like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sagsLike a heavy load.
Or does it explode?
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What do you remember?
Images:
Message:
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Two Main Classifications
Tropes
Involve a change in the ordinary signification, or meaning, of a word or phrase
Schemes
A special arrangement of
words
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Tropes
Metaphor
Offers an IMPLIED comparison between two things and thereby clarifies and enlivens many arguments.
See page 289
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Tropes
Simile
A DIRECT comparison between two things
Easy to spot… “like” and “as”p. 289-290
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Tropes
Analogy
Compare two different or dissimilar things for special effect
p. 290
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Tropes
Hyperbole
The use of overstatement for special effect. Often used in comedy, but definitely has a place in serious writing.
ex: page 292
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Tropes
Understatement
Requires a muted, quiet message to make its point. Can be used well in humor or serious writing.
p. 293
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Tropes
Rhetorical Questions
These questions don’t require answers. They are used to assert or deny something about an argument.
ex: p. 294
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Tropes
Antonomasia
Shorthand substitutions of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name.
p. 294
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Tropes
Irony
EDUCATION Princeton Cuts Number of A'sGiven to Students Down to 41%
Hopes lower grades will produce a future president.
Source: Ironic Times
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irony
Wal-Mart Accused in Court of Denying Workers Lunch Breaks
“They can't afford lunch on what we're paying them,” explains company lawyer.
Source: Ironic Times
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Schemes
Schemes are figures that depend on word order…SYNTAX
Here are a few you are likely to see
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Schemes
Parallelism
Uses grammatically similar words, phrases, or clauses for special effect.
p. 296
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Schemes
Antithesis
Use of parallel structures to mark contrast or opposition
p. 296
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Schemes
Inverted word order
Parts of a sentence or clause are not in the usual subject-verb-object order.
p. 296
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Schemes
Anaphora
Effective repetition for emphasis
p. 297
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Schemes
Reversed Structures
Changing the structure of a sentence for special effect, or to make it more memorable
p. 297
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Caution:
While these techniques are extremely effective, if you over use them you will not achieve your goals. (“stacking the deck”)
Watch the connotations of words
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Caution
The AP exam is not a “scavenger hunt” for language.
AP essays are weakened by mere listing of fancy terms
Always mark off style, but comment on how it relates to the substance!!!