Figure 1Mughal dagger
Courtesy J. D. Verhoeven
Figure 2. Portrait of J N Tata, Founder of Tata Steel and the Indian Institute of Science
Figure 3. The Materials civilisation timeline (after L E Hummel)
Figure 4. The intensity of use of materials (after M F Ashby)
Figure 5 Golden mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamen
Figure 6. Chola bronze image of Nataraja, Velankanni, Government Museum, Chennai, ca AD 1000
Figure 7. Widmanstatten pattern in meteoritic iron. Note the beautiful geometry of the pattern and the scale visible to the naked eye
Figure 8. Emperor Gupta looking on, as the Delhi Iron Pillar is being completed and inscribed.
Figure 9. Cast iron pagoda from China
Figure 10. Tatara Iron Making in JapanCourtesy T. Inoue
Figure 11 Tama-hagane- Japanese ironmade in a tatara furnaceCourtesy T. Inoue
Figure 11. Iron-carbon (Fe-C) diagram and first phase diagram of any alloy to be established, done by Roberts-Austen in 1898 after whom austenite is named ( redrawn from the original).
Figure 12. Historical evolution of Fe-C diagram (after J. Wadsworth)
Figure 13. Microstructures of steels (a) ferrite grains in a hypoeutectoidsteel, (b) pearlite lamellae in an eutectoid steel (c) pearlite with cementite at grain boundaries in a hypereutectoid steel (d) martensite from Osmond
Figure 15. Sir Henry Bessemer, inventor of the Steel Converternamed after him.
Figure 16. Sketch of an Italian rapier sword
Figure 17. Greek conqueror Alexander being presented ‘ferrum candidum’ or bright iron by Indian kingPorus.
Figure 18. Encounter between King Richard and Sultan Saladin, showing off their swords: Richard cuts a steel bar, while Saladinamazingly slices a pillow with a Damascus sword ofwootz steel.
Figure 19. A view of the fabled Hampi bazaar of theVijayanagara kingdom
Figure 20. A Deccan painting showing swords kept at hand even during a romantic rendezvous
Figure 21. Shivaji with soldiers and retinue
Figure 22. Sword blades of wootz being sheared by the British as part of the disarmamentdrive following the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
Figure 23 Sword of Tipu SultanCourtesy the Clive Museum
Figure 24. Tipu, seated on his fabled Tiger Throne looking at his collection of swords, while the sculpture-cum-organ of the Tipu’sTiger with the Englishman being mauled, gives a plaintive cry in the background!.
Figure 25. A conjectural sketch of Buchanan’s furnace.
Figure 26. A sword from the Thanjavur armoury
Figure 27. A Damascus dagger found in Ootacamund
Figure 28. Michael Faraday, inventor of electricity and investigator of wootz
Figure 29. Specimen of wootz in Science Museum, London
Figure 30 Etched structure of Wootz ingot revealing dendrites
Figure 31. The word for ironsmith (lohar) in Sanskrit as inscribeby Michael Faraday
Figure 32. A conjecture of Breant in the thick of experiments, finally exclaiming “Enfin! (At last!), Experiment No. 301 shows thatwootz= iron + carbon!” alluding to the astonishing 300 odd experiments he did onwootz steel.
Figure 33 Sketch of P A Anossoff, Russian Investigator
Figure 34 Sketch of N. Belaiew
Figure 35 Sketch of D. K. Tschernoff
Figure 36 Sketch of Cyril Stanley Smith
Figure 37. Superplastic flow in ultra high carbon steel (after Sherby)
Figure 38. Fine grained microstructure Courtesy O. Sherby and J. Wadsworth)
Figure 39. Banding in V containing steels Courtesy J. D. Verhoeven
Figure 40 Ladder patternCourtesy J. D. Verhoeven
Figure 41. Bladesmith Ric Fuller forging ‘Damascus ‘ blades at the Smithsonian Folk Life Festival in Washington Courtesy Ric Fuller
Figure 42. Sketch of Indonesian Kris
Figure 43 Steps involved in making the Samurai swordCourtesy T. Inoue
Figure 44. Sketch of a Japanese samurai warrior with his sword
Figure 45 Making Japanese samurai swords and testing for fatal errors'
Figure 46. Sketch of Japanese tsuba – wrought iron guards
Figure 47 Mokuma gane
Figure 48 Damask patternCourtesy Manfred Sachse
Figure 49 Illustration of toughening by laminate compositeCourtesy J Wadsworth
Figure 50 Wootz Crucible sites in IndiaAfter P. T. Craddock
Figure 51 Kodumanl crucibles and iron smelting debris
Figure 52 Artistic conjecture inspired bySangam Tamil literature of poetess Auvaiyarlooking on as chieftainAnci is locked in battle while artisans work overtime to make crucible steel for spears
Figure 53 Assemblage of crucibles from Mel siruvalur
Figure 54 Microstructure of a cross section of crucible from Mel-Siruvalur showing globule of steel
Figure 55 Crucibles collected by K. N. P. RaoCourtesy P. T. Craddock
Figure 56 Refractory of the crucible Courtesy Thelma Lowe and Gareth Thomas
Figure 57 Iron Making in Sri Lanka (after Gill Juleff)
Figure 58 Reconstruction of Furnace used at Merv (From Griffiths and Feuerbach, 1999)
Figure 59 Sketch of iron making by the Agarias
Figure 60 Materials Tetrahedron
15
•Mechanical: Superplasticity•High strength •Toughness•Damascus Swords
•Ultra high carbon Steel•Ferrite and carbide
•Crucible steel making•Forging
MaterialsHypertetrahedron
Wootz Steel
Image002.gif
Figure 61 Materials hypertetrahedron for Wootz steel
Figure 62 NanowiresCourtesy W. Kochmann
Figure 63. Indentation curvesCourtesy W. Kochmann
Figure 64 Multiscale ModellingCourtesy Greg Olson
Figure 65. Damascene Cu (Image courtesy IBM)