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Figure, 21-23Head group attachment
1. Backbone Glycerol, sphingosine2. Fatty acid3. Hydrophilic head4. Exchange head group
Membrane phospholipids:Glycerophospholipidssphingolipids
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Figure, 21-24Two strategies for forming phosphodiester bond
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Signal transduction
Figure, 21-26Polar head in eukaryotes
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Figure, 21-27, 28-aSalvage pathway in yeast
S-adenosylmethionineS-adenosylhomocysteine
Major pathway in Eukaryotes(yeast)
phosphatidylserine
In mammals(no CDP-diacylglycerol and serineto PS)Head-group exchange(PC—PS or PE—PS)
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Figure, 21-28 bPhosphatidylcholine in mammals
Salvage pathwayCholine reused (strategy 2)
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Mutation in ethanolamine kinaseEliminate phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis: less in membraneTransient paralysis: electrical stimulation
Figure, 21-29 summary of the pathways for synthesis of major phospholipid
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Figure, 21-30Ether lipid, Plasmalogen
platelet-activating factorHalf of the heart phospholipid
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Head group
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peroxisome
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Figure, 21-31Sphingolipids
2nd big groupLung surfactant
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Step 1
18 C amine
O-
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Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
(SER)
GlycolipidGlycosidic linkage
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Figure, 21-32Not required in diet
Cell membraneSteroid hormone Bile acids
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Figure, 21-33Cholesterol biosynthesisIn liver
6C
5C
30C
condensation
polymerization
cyclization
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Figure, 21-34Synthesis of mevalonate
cytosol
Rate-limiting step Release 3CoA(membrane of the SER)
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Figure, 21-35Mevalonate to activated isoprene
Use 3 ATPRelease 1 CO2
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Figure, 21-36Squalene
10C
15C
30C
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(rose oil)
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Figure, 21-37Ring closure
20 stepsMethyl group migration and removal
Mixed function oxidase
plants
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Figure, 21-38Cholesteryl esters
Stored or in lipoprotein particles
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Figure 21-39Plasma Lipoproteins-Lipid transport(LDL)
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Figure 21-39B
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Figure21-40Lipoprotein andLipid transport
apoE
apoCII--lipase
apoB100
apoB100
apoA-I
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Figure 21-42Uptake of cholesterol by receptor-mediatedendocytosis
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Figure21-40Lipoprotein andLipid transport
apoA-I
SR-BIABC1
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Figure 21-41
Surface of nascent HDL
Chylomicron and VLDL remnants
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Figure, 21-44Regulation of cholesterol
dp
p
Inhibit transcription
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Figure, 21-43SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) activationSCAP: SREBP cleavage-activating protein—binds to cholesterol and other sterols
HMG CoA reductaseLDLR
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Figure, 21-45Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductaseCholestyramine-resin binds to bile acids-prevent reabsorption
Competitive inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase
statin
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Figure, 21-48 isoprenoidPrenylationProetins are anchored to cellular membrane
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Figure, 21-46Steroid hormones from cholesterol
Increase gluconeogenesisAnd TAG cycle
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Figure, 21-47Side chain cleavage
Adrenal cortexmitochondria
Hydroxylation and cleavage
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Fatty liver:
TAG formation and export imbalanceExtensive accumulation of TAG—cirrhosis1. Free fatty acids increase in plasma, then to liver accumulation2. Block production of plasma lipoproteins a. apolipoprotein synthesis b. lipoprotein c. phospholipid d. secretary pathway
Ethanol—fatty liverEthanol is converted to be acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH is producedExcess NADH inhibit CAC and increase lipogenesis (cholesterol)
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Homework: How insulin regulates lipid metabolism?