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Figure 5.1 Hierarchy of data for a computer-based file.
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Figure 5.2 Indexed sequential access method.
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Figure 5.3 Computer based files in the traditional file environment cause problems such as redundancy due to partial or full duplication, inconsistency
across files, and data isolation.
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Figure 5.4 Database Management System (DBMS) provides access to all data in
the database.
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Figure 5.5 (a) Centralized database
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Figure 5.5 (b) Distributed database with complete or partial copies of the central
database in more than one location.
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Figure 5.6 Entity-Relationship model
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Figure 5.7 Non-normalized relation
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Figure 5.8 Normalized relation
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Figure 5.9 Hierarchical database model
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Figure 5.10 Network database model
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Figure 5.11 Table of relational database model
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Figure 5.12 Data warehouse framework and views [Source: www.cutter.com and
Data Management Strategies, Cutter Information Operations, February 1999.]
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Figure 5.13 Relational databases
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Figure 5.14 Multidimensional databases
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Figure 5.15 Equivalence between relational and multidimensional databases
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Figure 5.15 (Continued)
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