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Film Introduction
Year Ten English
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Why do we study film?
• Films are a powerful medium which can influence our thoughts and behaviours.
• They can provide us with understanding of the world around us and challenge the ways that we interpret society.
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How do we study film?• Learning about film techniques and
their effects.• Viewing films and identifying how
these techniques are used and to what effect.
• Considering the choices that directors make in films.
• Analysing aspects of the film such as setting, character, theme/main ideas, narrative structure etc. and how these are developed.
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Film Techniques
Terminology that we need to know
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GENERAL TERMS
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Director• A film director is the person who
directs the making of the film. • The director visualises the script
and guides the actors and technical crew to create that vision.
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Frame• One of the many still (or nearly so)
images which compose the complete moving picture.
• Framing refers to what is included and excluded in an individual shot.
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Shot
• A shot is a series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time.
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Scene
• The action in a single location and continuous time.
• A number of shots make up a scene.
• Scenes can be long or short.
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Cinematography
• Cinematography is the art and technique of film development.
• It refers to all the different processes and decisions which make a film. (e.g. shooting, developing, editing etc.)
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Costume• The things that characters wear
(clothes, accessories, hairstyles etc.)
• This is very important to our understanding and impressions of characters, as well as setting.
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Props• Anything movable or portable on
set, distinct from the actors, scenery, costumes and electrical equipment.
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CAMERA SHOTS AND ANGLES
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Extreme Long Shot• A shot in which figures appear
small in the landscape.• Often used at the beginning of a
film or sequence as an “establishing shot” to show the setting.
• Also used to make a figure appear small or isolated.
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Long Shot• A shot in
which a figure can be seen from head to toe.
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Medium/Mid Shot• Shows a figure
approximately from waist to the head.
• Allows the audience to easily recognise a character but also to see what they are doing with their hands.
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Close Up• Head and shoulders.• Allows the audience to easily see
facial expressions and interpret what characters are thinking and feeling.
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Extreme Close Up• A shot which focuses on a single
feature e.g. eyes, mouth, etc. • Used to emphasise facial
expression to show what characters are thinking or feeling.
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Over-the-Shoulder Shot• A shot in which we see a character
over the shoulder of another. • Often used in interviews or
conversations.
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Point-of-View Shot• A shot from a character’s point of
view- like we are seeing through their eyes.
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High Angle• The camera points
downwards- it is positioned ABOVE the subject.
• This usually makes the subject seem vulnerable or insignificant.
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Low Angle• The camera points upwards- it is
positioned BELOW the subject of the shot.
• Usually makes the subject seem grand or threatening.
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Eye Level• The camera views the subject from
an even level.
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Bird’s Eye View/Aerial Angle
• A shot which looks vertically down on a subject.
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Deep Focus• Everything in the shot is in focus. • This means we can be looking at action
taking place in the foreground, background and midground at the same time.
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Shallow Focus• Isolates the subject from the
background, so the subject is in focus but the background is blurry.
• Effects of this can include things like, focusing the viewer’s attention of important features of the shot- drawing attention to character and action, rather than background or context.
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CAMERA MOVEMENTS
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Panning
• Pivoting the camera to the side in order to scan a scene or follow a moving subject.
• The camera does not move off the same base position.
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Tracking
• Moving the camera itself towards or away from a subject or following a moving subject.
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Tilt
• Pivoting the camera vertically up or down.
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Zoom
• The subject of a shot is made smaller or larger (zoom in or zoom out) without moving the camera itself.
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SHOT TRANSITIONS
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Fade
• An image on screen is gradually faded in or out.
• Usually a fade involves an image losing colour and light saturation before disappearing.
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Dissolve
• One image dissolves into another or into a blank screen.
• This is often a process in which the image appears pixelated before disappearing.
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Cut
• One image is suddenly replaced with another.
• This is the most common way to transition between one shot and another.
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Cross Cut• In a cross cut the camera will cut
away from one piece of action, to another and often backwards and forwards again.
• This is typically used to suggest that the action is happening simultaneously or that the scenes shown are related in some way.
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Montage• A series of shots (usually related)
are edited together in order to save time.
• Effects:– To show the passage of time– To indicate some kind of relationship
between the shots.
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Editing Pace• This term refers to the pace at
which different shots are placed together.
• If a lot of shots are shown in a short space of time this would be a fast editing pace. Few shots in a longer space of time slows the pace.
• Pace can also be achieved through different transitions- cuts tend to increase the pace while fades and dissolves often slow the pace.
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Flash Forward/ Flash Back
• Flash back/forward are scenes which break the chronology (logical order of time) in the film to show a scene which happens either in the past or the future.
• They are usually used to signal the fact that the event show is significant to the action taking place in the present.
• They can often be recognised by use of fades/dissolves to transition, difference in quality of lighting and other features which differ from the action in the present.
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LIGHTING
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High Key Lighting• Lighting that is bright and
relatively low in contrast.
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Low Key Lighting• Lighting that is much darker with
pronounced shadows and dramatic contrasts.
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SOUND
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Digetic Sound
• Sound that represents what is going on in the scene- sound which we can see the source of.
• E.g. dialogue, sounds made by cars, thunder, noises made by animals etc.
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Non-Digetic Sound
• Sound which the audience knows is not part of what is happening on screen- which has clearly been added after shooting for effect.
• E.g. voiceovers, soundtrack/music.
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Dialogue
• The things that characters say to each other.
• Conversations.
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Music/Soundtrack
• Soundtrack refers to the music which is used throughout the film.
• Music is often used to influence the way that the audience responds to what is happening in a scene.
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Voiceover
• Dialogue from a narrator or character which is placed over the top of a scene, but is not happening in the scene.
• Often used to narrate or comment on what is happening.
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Sound Effects
• A sound other than speech or music which is made artificially and used for effect.