Download - Film Processing Equipment
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Radiographic processingProcessing equipment
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Typical manual processing unit
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Automatic processing
Introduced by Pako in1942. Film hangers
dunked from tank to tank
First roller transportsystem introduced by
Eastman Kodak in 1956.
10 ft long, weight 750 kg
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Modern Film Processing
Equipment
Automatic film processor
First 90 second processor produced by kodak in 1965.
45 second processor produced by Konoca in 1987
Feed tray
Film
receiving bin
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Major components
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Film Cross-over system
Turn around
system
Dev Fixer
Squeegee Rollers
Wash Dry
Film transport system
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Film Transport System
Film is placed on the input tray and gently
advanced until taken by theentry rollers
It is then transported via a system of
rollers and guide plates in and out of
Developer, Fixer, Wash and Drying
sections
Finally the dried film is delivered to the
output tray
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The rollers are arranged in racks
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The individual rollers may be in face to
face or staggered (Zig-Zag) configuration
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A system of guide plates are used where the
film needs to change the direction, e.g 1800 (in
turn over and cross over assemblies)
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The rollers are driven through a system of
gear wheels or cogs by either a main drive
shaft or chain, powered by a motor For safety, the processor lid operates a
switch to stop the roller drive when the lid
is open The rollers may be made from PVC or
rubber
The speed of the rollers determine theprocessorcycle time and the processor
capacity
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Processing cycle time
The expression of the time that it takes
a film to travel from its dry unprocessed
condition on the input tray to the dry
processed state in the output tray
Rapid cycle :- 90 sec, 115 sec
In 90 sec cycle : Dev 26 s, Fix- 15 s,
Wash- 15 s, Drier24 s, travel time-10s
P i / d i
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Processor capacity/production
capacity
A measure of a processors ability toprocess a given number of films in a
given time and is expressed in
number of ways.i. Number of single-size films capable
of being processed in 1 hr.
ii. Number of films of mixed sizescapable of being processed in 1 hr.
iii. The speed of film through the
processor (cm/s or m/h)
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The film feed section
When no films are being processed the
processor is in stand-by condition
When a film is fed, the following events will be
initiated.
Drive motor energized to turn the rollers
Safelight above the feed tray is extinguished
Developer and fixer replenisher pumped into
tanks Drier heater energized
Wash water flow rate boosted
Film signal delay timer activated
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i.Entry roller detection systemii. Infrared detectors
How are these activities triggered?
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Micro switch
Entry roller detection system
Film
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Infrared detectors
Feed tray
Infra-red detectors
Infra-red emitters
below feed traylevel
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Developer section
Main activities
Recirculation
Temperature controlReplenishment
Drainage
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Developer Water
RPPRPF
F
P
THS
Overflow
From
replenishertank
Heater
TS
Heat
exchangesystem
To drain
Developer section
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Developer tank with roller rack removed
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Fixer Recirculation & Replenishment
Fixer tank
P F
RP
P
F
overflow
Rollers
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Wash section
Spray wash consists of a series of water
pipes containing perforations through
which the water is forcibly sprayed onto
each surface of the film. Water flow rate isabout 10 l/min.
Tank immersion ; water is warmed by the
developer heat exchanger. Water flow rateis between 4 and 7l/min.
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Wash section
Water
F
Over flow
Flow
rate
control
(Developer)
From and to
developer tank Drain
Removable
stand pipeHeat exchanging
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Drying section
Hot airdrying dust free hot air is blownonto the surface of the film temperatureis about 55 degrees C.
Infrared (radiant heat) drying contains arange of electrically heated elements toradiate heat onto both film surfaces.
The used hot air should be ducted out ofthe room to prevent rise in humidity
C i d k
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Cross section dryer rack
Hot air tube
Film transport
rollers
film
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Mixing of chemicals
Manual mixing according to the
manufacturers recommendations
Auto-mixers
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Automixers
FixDev
Display
Water in
To Fixer
Tank
To DeveloperTank
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Dev/Fix. Replenisher pack
Developer
replenisher Fixer
A BC
A B
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Automixer-Operation
Developer
Replenisher
waterWater spray
Full
Alarm
Empty
Sensors
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Automixer- operation
Fixer
waterWater spray
Full
Warning Alarm
Empty
Sensors
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Standard of Development &
processing
Standard of development & processing is
ensured by maintaining the following
Constant temperature of chemicals
Constant concentration of chemicals by
regular replenishment
Constant agitation of chemicals
Constant processing time
C & M i t f
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Care & Maintenance of
Processors
Operating procedures
i. Start-up procedure
ii. Shutting down procedureMaintenance procedures
i. Daily maintenance
ii. Weekly maintenanceiii. Monthly maintenance
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Daylight processors
Functions Load cassettes with unexposed films
Mark each film with patient name, Numberetc.
Unload cassettes
Process films
Types
Composite type
Modular type
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Composite type Daylight processor
(Dupont) -
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Kodak daylight processor
Needs special type of
cassettes, which can
be opened by the
mechanical system ofthe machine.
Has a barcode
attached to indicate
the size of the film tobe used
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Alternative processing methods
Rapid processing 45 - 30 second
processors
Extended processing 3 minute
processing for mammography
Dry processing- using heat
Photothermography print with laser &
process with heat
Thermography print & process with heat
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Photothermography
Uses a laser beam to
form the latent image
and heat to process
the image
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Summary
Efficient Performance and Maintenance of
Processing equipment is necessary to
maintain standards of film quality
It is necessary to have a thorough
knowledge of the equipment
A quality control programme is essential to
monitor the performance of film processingequipment
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EndThank you