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FILOSOFI dan SEJARAH ANESTESI
DR. ZULKIFLI, SpAn. MKesDept./ Bag Anestesiologi dan Reanimasi
FK Unsri/RSMHPalembang
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FILOSOFI
•DIOSCORIDES (Filsuf Yunani) :▫ Abad 1 SM▫Terminologi AnestesiaEfek seperti narkotik tanaman MANDRAGORA
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BAILEY’S An UNIVERSAL ETYMOLOGICAL ENGLISH DICTIONARY (1721) :
“a defect of sensasion”
ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA (1771) : “Privation of sense”
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES(1846) : “Keadaan seperti tidur memungkinkan operasi tanpa sakit”
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USA (Dekade kedua Abad XX)
praktek atau studi ttg anestesi yg tumbuh menjadi spesialisasi dari ilmu kedokteran.
Anesthesia Science and art
Anesthesiology
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1989 : American Board of Anesthesiology, merevisi definisi ini
Spesialisasi ini unik, melibatkan spesialisasi yang lain
Bedah InternaPediatrikObsGynFarmakologi Klinik,Fisiologi terapan, Teknologi biomedik.
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Definisi praktek anestesi
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Definisi praktek anestesi
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SEJARAH ANESTESIOLOGI
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Data-data praktek anestesia dimulai pada pertengahan abad ke 19
Opium poppy daun coca akar mandrake alkohol
Zaman dahulu kala
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• Mesir Kuno▫ Kombinasi opium poppy dan
hyoscyiamus ▫ parenteral▫ Regional anestesi
Kompresi batang syaraf Pendinginan : Cryo analgesia
• Suku Inca : Daun Coca dikunyah, ditaburkan ke tempat operasi
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PERKEMBANGAN ANESTESI
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ETHER (DIETHYL ETHER)
ANESTESIA INHALASI
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Ditemukan JOSEPH PRIESTLY (1772)
Sifat analgetik HUMPHRY DAVY (1800)
Pemakaian klinik GARDNER COLTON AND HORACE WELLS (1844)
• Potensinya rendah• Asfiksia , bila digunakan single• Masih dipakai sampai sekarang
NITROUSOKSIDA (N2O)
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Ditemukan (1831) VAN LEIBIG, GUTHRIE, SOUBERIAN
1847, dipakai pertama kali HOLMES COOTE
SIR JAMES SIMPSON, pemakaian klinik
▫Tidak dipakai lagi ▫Aritmia Jantung▫Hepatotoksik
CHLOROFORM
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(1934) Tidak dipakai lagi ok COMBUSTIO
CYLCOPROPANE
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1958 : METHOXY FLUTHANE, dipakai tahun 1960
1963 : ENFLURANE, 1973
1965 : ISOFLURANE, 1981
1983 : SEVOFLURANE, 1994
1988 : DESFLURANE, 1992
1951 : HALOTHANE dipakai 1956
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ANESTESIA LOKAL &
REGIONAL
CARL KOLLER (1884): TOPICAL COCAINE
Cocaine diisolasi dari tanaman oleh GAEDICKE (1855) dimurnikan oleh ALBERT NEIMANN (1860)
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1884 WILLIAM HALSTED
COCAINE : - INFILTRASI INTRA DERMAL
- NERVE BLOCK
1889 AUHUST BIER
ANESTESI SPINAL Cocaine 3mg 0.5%
INTRATHECAL
1908 INTRA VENOUS REGIONAL ANESTESIA (BIER BLOCK)
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• 1904 - ALFRED EITHORN sintesa procaine
• 1905 - HENRISH BRAUN Menambahkan Epineprine untuk memperpanjang efek anestesi lokal
• 1901 - FERDINAND CATHELEN & JEAN SICARD
Caudal Anestesia epidural lumbal oleh
• 1921 – FIDEL PAGES Anestesia epidural lumbal
• 1931 – Diulang oleh ACHILLE DOGLIOTHI
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1930 – Anestesi Lokal Dibucaine
1932 – Tetracaine
1955 – Chloroprocaine
1957 – Mepivacaine
1960 – Pridocaine
1963 – Bupivacaine
1972 – Etidocaine
ROPIVACAINE : Obat baru toksisitas kurang
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OBAT INDUKSI:
1903 – Fischer & Von Mering : Sintesa Barbiturat Pertama : Dietthyl Barbiturat Acid (Barbital)
1927 – Hexobarbital
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ANESTESIA INTRAVENA
OBAT INDUKSI
1855 – Alexander Wood : Hipodermik
1872 – Ore : Chloralhydrate I.V
1909 – Burk Hardt : Chloroform dan Ether I.V
1916 – Bredenfeld : Morpin dan Scopolamine
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1903– Fischer & Von Mering : Sintesa Barbiturat Pertama : DIETTHYL BARBITURAT ACID (Barbital)
1927 – HEXOBARBITAL
1932– Volwiller dan Tobern : SINTESA THIOPENTAL
1934 – John Lundy dan Ralp Waters : Menggunakan dalam klinik
1937 – V.K.Stoelting : Methohexital
1957 – SINTESA CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE
1959 – SINTESA BENZODIAZEPINE
1976 – SINTESA MIDAZOLAM
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UNTUK :
Premedikasi Induksi, suplemen anestesia, Intravena Sedasi.
1962 – Ketamine : Disintesa oleh Stevens
1965 – Digunakan oleh Corssen dan Domino
1969 – Disintesa Etomidate
1970 – Dipakai secara luas
1972 – Dipakai secara luas
1955 – Diisoipropyl Phenol (Propofol)
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