c,ab; nigeKalneya)aykm<úCa
ynþkarkñ úgkarBRgwgkarGnuelamsiT§ ikmμkrnieyaCit nigbTdæankargar
kñ úgesdækic©sklPavUbnIykmμ
m:as‘ U GI u> sI ulvWEmn (Matthew E. Silverman)1
1> esckþ Iepþ Im>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
2> bTdæankargarenAkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKI nigBhuPaKI>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
3>mtiRbqaMgnwgbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
4>mtiKaMRTbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
5>ynþkarbIy:agsRmab;edaHRsaykarminGnuelamtambTdæankargar>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
5>1 ynþkarkmμviFIelIkTwkcitþ nigTak;TajkareFI VCMnYj >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
5>2 ynþkarRkmRbtibtþ isaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitü >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
5>3 ynþkarEktRmÚvkarkMNt;témøkñ úgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl {kic©RBm eRBóg
sRmab;QμÜjkNþal} >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
6> esckþ IbB©ab;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
1 GñkniBn§CaebkçCnénkmμviFI LL.M. enAsklviTüal½y Georgetown University Law Center enAExkumÖ³ qñaM
2014 nig)anbBa©b;kmμviFIsikSa J.D., cum laude kñúgqñaM 2007 enAsklviTüal½y Loyola University Chicago
School of Law; B.G.S., 2004, University of Michigan- Ann Arbor.. GñkniBn§sUmsEmþgnUvkar
dwgKuNdl;GñkBinitüepÞógpÞat;GtßbT nigbuKÁlikrbs;RBwtþibRt Cambodia Law and Policy Journal
cMeBaHkarCYyEksRmÜlGtßbT mandUcCa Chris Dearing, Anne Heindel, Barbara Serrano nigsa®sþcarü Katrin
Kuhlmann . GñkniBn§k¾GrKuNpgEdrdl; «Bukmþay Bonnie nig Ron Silverman EdlEtgEtelIkTwkcitþ
dl;rUbKat;. elak elakRsI GaceFVIkarpþl;CMnYymnusSFm’dl;kmμkr nigRKÜsarEdlrgeRKaHBIkar)ak;rlMGaKar
eragcRk er:Na pøahSa (Rena Plaza) RbeTsbg;køaeds tamry³viTüasßan Institute for Global Labour &
Human Rights nigeKhTMB½r http://www.globallabourrights.org/.
2 |
1> esckþ Iepþ Im
kalBIExemsa qñaM2013 kar)ak;rlMGaKareragcRker:NapøahSa enATIRkúgdaka (Dhaka)
RbeTsbg;køaeds)ansmøab;CIvitkmμkreRcInCag 1>100nak;. ]bTÞvehtuenHbgá[manGRta
mrN³x<s;CageKbMputkñúgcMeNameRKaHmhnþray EdlekIteLIgkñúgeragcRkkat;edr nig)anTak;
Tajkarcab;GarmμN_eTAelIlkçxNçkargard¾lM)ak nigbTdæankagarenAmankRmitkñúgRbeTskMBug
GPivDÆn_CafμImþgeTot.2
XImb‘ÅlI GIuelot (Kimberly Elliot) GñkCMnajxagEpñkBaNiC¢kmμ
nigbTdæankargar )anelIkeLIgfaedImehtuénbBaðaenH KWsßitenAelIcritlkçN³rbs;]sSahkmμ
nigGñkeRbIR)as;³
]sSahkmμkat;edr Ca]sSahkmμmYyEdlpþl;R)ak;kéRmTab BuMTamTarCMnaj mankar
pøas;bþÚrTItaMgeRcIn nigkarRbkYtRbECgx<s;. ktþaTaMgGs;enHCMruj[efAEkeragcRk
kat;bnßykarcMNaytamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. CaTUeTA QμÜjkNþal EsVgrkTijplit
plEdlmantémøTabbMput ehIyeyIgTaMgGs;Kña EdlCaGñkeRbIR)as;k¾)ancUlrYm
cMENkbgá[bBaðaenHenAEtekItman edaysarEteyIgBüayamTijsemøókbMBak;Edl
mantémø efakbMput. 3
vis½y]sSahkmμkat;edrrbs;RbeTsbg;køaeds )anekIneLIgCalMdab; cab;taMgBIedIm
TsvtSr_TI80.4
]sSahkmμenHRtÚv)ankt;smÁal;edaykarpþl;R)ak;kéRmTabdl;kmμkrnieya
Cit nigCaTUeTAmineKarBtambTdæankargarGnþrCati CamYynwgc,ab;kargarkñúgRsúkEdlkMNt;
2 dkRsg;GtßbTBIGñkniBn§ Lawrence MacDonal, cMNgeCIg How to Avoid Another Bangladesh Factory Disaster-
Kimberly Elliot, mCÄmNÐlsRmab;karGPivDÆn_skl (Center for Global Development) ¬éf¶TI7 Ex]sPa
qñaM2013¦ EdlGacrk)anelIeKhTMB½r³ http://www.cgdev.org/blog/how-avoid-another-bangladesh-factory-
disaster-kimberly-elliott 3 Id/ dkRsg;ecj Kimberly Elliot, CasmaCikCan;x<s;enAmCÄmNÐlsMrab;karGPivDÆn_skl.
4 Günseli Berik & Yana van der Meulen Rodgers, cMNgeCIg The Debate on Labor Standards and International
Trade: Lessons from Cambodia and Bangladesh/ The international Working Group on Gender,
Macroeconomic, and International Economic/ TMB½r8-9/ ¬Exmifuna qñaM2007¦
3 |
[mantémøBlkmμTab.5
RbeTsbg;køaedsenAEtbnþTTYlrgsm<aFy:agF¶n;kñúgkarkat;bnßy
témøBlkmμrbs;kmμkrnieyaCit edIm,IRbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr nigkarnaM
ecjsemøókbMBak;eTATIpSarGnþrCati.6
karsikSafμI²)anbgðajBIkarrMelaPelIlkçxNÐkargar nigkarGnuvtþEdlminRsbtam
c,ab;kñúgRsuk nigbTdæankargarGnþCatienAEtbnþekItmaneLIgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edrrbs;
RbeTsbg;køaeds.7
karsikSaxagelI rkeXIjkarrMelaPbMBanelIlkççxNÐkargarrbs;kmμkr
nieyaCitTak;TinnwgR)ak;QñÜl/ em:ageFVIkar/ siT§ishCIB/ karerIseGIgenAkEnøgkargar nigkar
bMBanelIkmμkrnieyaCit.8
karcuHRtÜtBinitüedaymin)anpþl;dMNwgCamunrbs;smaKm (Fair
Labor Association) kñúgqñaM2004 )anrkeXIjfamankarelμIsF¶n;F¶relIviFankarsnþisux
nigGnam½y mandUcCa ]bkrN_suvtißPaBBnøt;GKiÁP½yminmansþg;darRtwmRtÚv/ kgVHbgÁn; nigxVH
Gnam½y/ kgVH]bkrN_karBar/ Kμanxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;/ karEfrkSa]bkrN_enAmankRmit/
nigbBaðakMedAekþAhYsRbmaNenAkñúgeragcRk.9
karsikSaenH)anbgðajfa maneragcRkCa
eRcInEdl kMBugEtdMeNIrkarenAkñúgGaKarlMenAdæan EdlminsaksmnwgeRbIR)as;CaeragcRk
ehIykMBugEtbNþal[kmμkrRbQmmuxx<s;nwgkarrrgrbYs b¤dl;)at;bg;CIvitBIeRKaHGKÁIP½y nig
kar)ak;rlMGaKar.10
kar)ak;rlMeragcRkenATIRkúgdaka kalBIéf¶TI24 Exemsa qñaM2013 Edl)an
smøab;CIvitmnusSdl;eTA 1>127nak;enaH minEmnCaerOgKYr[PJak;ep¥IleLIy BIeRBaHkal
BI5Exmun maneragcRkmYyenAEk,rTIRkúgenH)anTTYlrgeRKaHGKÁiP½y ehIybNþal[mnusS
elIsBI100nak;)an)at;bg;CIvit. kalBIéf¶TI9 Ex]sPa qñaM2013 y:agehacNas;
mankmμkr 8nak;)ansøab;enAkñúgeRKaHGKÁIP½ykñúgeragcRkmYyeTot. karRbkYtRbECgCa
sklkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr RtÚv)an)a:n;RbmaNfa nwgekIneLIgkan;EtxøaMgeLIg enAeBl
5 Id., TMB½r8/ sUmemIl id., TMB½r12-13 sRmab;karBiBN_nay:agek,aHk,aysþIBIlkçN³]sSahkmμkat;edr
rbs;RbeTsbg;køaeds nigbTdæankargarén]sSahkmμkat;edr.
6 Id.,TMB½r8.
7 Id., TMB½r17/ sUmemIl id., TMB½r17-21 sRmab;B½t’manbEnßmGMBIkarsikSadéTeTot.
8 Id., TMB½r17-20.
9 Id.
10 Id., TMB½r19.
4 |
Edlkic©RBmeRBógPaBCaédKUGnþr):asIuhiVk((Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement))anGnum½t.
kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrImYyenH nwgbBa©ÚlRbeTsevotNam EdlCaRbeTsmYykñúgbNþa
RbeTsTaMg10 EdlnaMecjsemøókbMBak;eRcInCageKkñúgBiPBelak11
. kic©RBmeRBógenHGac
nwgeFVI[mankar rMelaPbMBanelIbTdæankargar nigsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCiteTVeLIg.
sklPavUbnIykmμkñúgTRmg;CakarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs nigExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl
)anpþl;»kaskargarCaeRcInsRmab;RbCaCnenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ RbkYtRbECgkñúgTIpSar
GnþrCati TIpSarmUlFn nigeFVI[esdækic©rbs;xøÜnekIneLIg12
. TnÞwmnwgenH sklPavUbnIykmμ
k¾GnuBaØat[QμÜjlk;rayBIshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_déTeToteqøót»kasTajyk
plcMeNjBIkéRm:BlkmμTab nigbTdæanc,ab;EdlenAmankRmitTabedIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMeNj .13
sMNYrd¾sMxan;mYyecaTfa etIRbeTsnaMecjsemøókbMBak;GackarBar»kaskargar nig
enAEtGacbnþrkarRbkYtRbECgrbs;xøÜnkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr)anEdrb¤eT xN³eBlEdl
RbeTsTaMgenHBüayamFananUvsuvtßiPaB suxumalPaB nigkareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit.14
GtßbTenH eFVIkarviPaKelIynþkarmYycMnYnEdl)anesñIsMunigGnuvtþedaysisS nig sa®sþa
carüenAfñak;]tþmsikSa/ rdæaPi)al/ QμÜjlk;ray/ GgÁkareRkAraCrdæaPi)al/ nigGtifiCn
edIm,IFana[mankareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit nigbTdæankargarkñúgesdækic©sklPavUbnIykmμ
EdlkMBugmankMeNIn y:agxøaMg.
2> bTdæankargarenAkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKI nigBhuPaKI
taMgBIedImmk bTbBaØtþikargarminmanEcgenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμBhuPaKIeT BIeRBaH
bBaØtþikargarCaTUeTARtÚv)aneKcat;TukCabBaðakñúgRsuk ehIyminTak;TgnwgBaNiC¢kmμ. GgÁkar
BlkmμGnþrCati (International Labor Organization) begáIteLIgenAqñaM1919 ehIyCaEpñk
mYyénGgÁkarshRbCaCati)anedIrtYnaTICaGñkTTYlxusRtÚv nigRtÜtBinitüc,ab;kargar. GgÁkar
11 Id., TMB½r10.
12 Richard M. Locke, Fei Qin & Alberto Brause, cMNgeCIg Does Monitoring Improve Labor Standards?
Lessons from Nile, 61:1 ILRREVIEW 1, 3, ¬Extula qñaM2007¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://digitalcommons.
ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1310context=ilrre view.
13 Id., TMB½r4.
14 Berik & Rodgers, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4/ TMB½r1.
5 |
BlkmμGnþrCati )anbegáItGnusBaØaCaeRcInsþIGMBIbTdæankargarGnþrCatiGs;ry³eBlCit 90qñaM
mkehIy.15
GnusBaØaTaMg8 rbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati epþatsMxan;eTAelI4EpñkFM² EdleKcat;Tuk
faCa {eKalkarN_énbTdæankargar}³ TImYy esrIPaBénkarbegáItsmaKm nigesrIPaBénkar
crcaCasmUhPaB/ TIBIr karlubbM)at;kargaredaybgçM/ TIbI karkat;bnßyBlkmμkumar/ TIbYn
karkat;bnßykarerIseGIgkñúgkargar nigGaCIB. enAqñaM1998 eKalkarN_TMag4 énbTdæan
kargarRtÚv)andak;bBa©Úlkñúg esckIþRbkasrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCatisþIBIeKalkarN_CamUl
dæan nigsiT§ienAkEnøgkargar nigkarGnuvtþbnÞab; EdltRmÚv[RbeTsCasmaCikénGgÁkar
BlkmμGnþrCatiTaMgGs;RtÚvRbtibtþitam.16
naeBlfμI²enH shrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsCaeRcIn)ancrcaelIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ
eTVPaKI EdlhYsBIvisalPaBénbTbBaØtþikargarEdlmanEcg enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógTUeTAelIBn§
Ky nigBaNiC¢kmμ (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) GgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak
(World Trade Organization) nigGnusBaØaénGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati. shrdæGaemrik)an
dak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargarkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKIcab;taMgBIqñaM1993.17
karbBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargarenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKI kMBugEtvivtþyWt².18
kic©
RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIBIrrbs;shrdæGaemrikCamYyRbeTsGIuRsaEGl¬1985¦ nig RbeTs
kaNada ¬1988¦ min)andak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargarenaHeT. karGnuvtþEbbenH )anpøas;
bþÚrcab;taMgBIqñaM1993 enAeBlEdlmanktþa3)anCMruj[bTdæankargarkøayCaGaTiPaB. ktþa
TImYyKW shrdæGaemrik)ancab;epþImcrcaCamYyRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. ktþaTIBIrKWkarTTYlsÁal;
BITMnak;TMngrvagBaNiC¢kmμ nigbTdæankargarman)anekIneLIg CaBiessRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_
)anTTYlrgsm<aF[køayeTACaplitTMnijEdlmantémøefak ehIyeFVI[kareKarB nigkarGnuvtþ
15 Mary Jane Bolle, cMNgeCIg Overview of Labor Enforcement Issues in Free Trade Agreements, Congressional
Research Service, TMB½r1, ¬éf¶TI29 ExkumÖ³ qñaM2008¦.
16 Id. 17 Sandra Polaski, cMNgeCIg Protecting Labor Rights Through Trade Agreement: An Analytical Guide, 10:13
J. INT'L LAW & POLICY (Davis California) 13, 14 ¬éf¶TI19 Exkkáda qñaM2004¦.
18 Bolle, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx15/ TMB½r1.
6 |
tamlkç½xNÐkargar nigkareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCitenAmankRmit. ktþaTIbIKW Rkúmh‘unsaCIv
kmμmanqnÞ³kñúgkarpþl; {siT§iesrIPaBdl;kmμkrnieyaCit edIm,IelIkkm<s;kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢
kmμnig edIm,IRtÜsRtaypøÚvdl;kMeNInBaNiC¢kmμ nigkarvinieyaKTunkñúgRbeTskMBug GPivDÆn__.}19
enAedImqñaM2007 smaCikRBwT§sParbs;shrdæGaemrik mkBIKNbkSRbCaFibetyü
)anelIkeLIgfa smaCikrbs;xøÜnnwge)aHeqñatKaMRT bTbBaØtiþkargarenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢
kmμesrIGaemrik EdlkMBugrg;caMkarGnum½t drabNamankarBRgwgelIGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtikargar.
enAéf¶TI10 Ex]sPa qñaM2007 fñak;dwknaMRBwT§sPamkBIKNbkSRbCaFibetyü nigKNbkS
saFarNrdæ nigrdæ)alrbs;elak RbFanaFibtI bU‘s )anmUlmitiKñaelIRkbx½NÐBaNiC¢kmμ
fIμmYyEdlmaneQμaHfa eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfμIrbs;Gaemrik (The New Trade Policy
for American) Edl)anGMBavnav[mankardak;bBa©Úl nigGnuvtþkareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit
EdlTTYlsÁal;;Caskl nigeKalkarN_TaMgbYnénbTdæankargareTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ
EdlkMBugrg;caMkarGnum½t.20
eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfμIrbs;Gaemrik )anEkERbkarGnuvtþ
bTbBaØtþiþkargar nigkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIrbs;xøÜn. shrdæGaemrik)ancuHkic©RBmeRBóg
BaNiC¢kmμfμIEbbenHCamYynwgRbeTs)a:Nama: RbeTskMLúMb‘Í nigRbeTskUer:xagt,ÚgenAkñúgrdæ
)alelakRbFanaFibtI GU)am:a.21
eBldak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargareTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμNamYy PaKIBak;B½n§RtÚvEt
kMNt;BIkatBVkic©EdlRtÚvGnuvtþedIm,IeKarBeTAtambTdæankargar dUcCaRbePTénsiT§ikmμkrnieya
Cit ehIyfaetIc,ab;kñúgRsukEdlmanRsab; nigb¤mYyk¾bTdæankargarGnþrCatiNaxøHnwgRtÚvdak;
bBa©Úlkñúgkic©RBmeRBóg.22
kalBImun enAeBlEdlbTdæankargarGnþrCatiRtÚv)andak;bBa©Úl
eTAkñúgkic©®BmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrik bTdæankargarTaMgGs;enaHRKan;EtCakþIRsém::
19 Id., TMB½r2-3.
20 M. Angeles Villarreal, cMNgeCIg The U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Background and Issues,
Congressional Research Service/ TMB½r8/ ¬éf¶TI9 ExFñÚ qñaM 2012¦.
21 CMBUkkargark¾RtÚv)andak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrikCamYyRbeTseb:rU Edl)an
RbtibtþienAeRkamrdæ)alelakRbFanaFibtI b‘Us.
22 Polaski, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx15/ TMB½r16.
7 |
minmankarGnuvtþCak;EsþgeLIy.23
b:uEnþ PasaEdleRbIR)as;kñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ
esrIGaemrikCamYyRbeTs)a:Nam:a RbeTskMLúMb‘I nigRbeTskUer:xagt,Úg TamTar[mankar
dak;bBa©ÚlbTdæankargarGnþrCatiEdlGacGnuvtþ)an elIc,ab;kñúgRsukrbs;RbeTsnImYy ².24
RbeTsEdlminGnuvtþtamlkçniþk/ bTbBa¢a/ nigkareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit {RsbnwgsiT§i
Edl)anEcgenAkñúgesckþIRbkasCasklrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati} RtÚv)ancat;faCakar
rMelaPbMBanelIkic©RBmeRBóg.25
ynþkarkñúgkardak;[Gnuvtþ mandUcCanItiviFIedaHRsayvivaT
nigeTasbBaØtiþ ¬mandUcCakardkplRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢kmμ¦.26
mtiKaMRTkarGnuvtþbTdæankargarGnþrCatitamry³kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI )anelIk
eLIgnUvcMNucBIrsMxan;kñúgkarCECkEvkEjk. TImYYy bTdæan niglkçxNÐkargarkñúgRbeTs
kMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcInEdlshrdæGaemrikeFVICMnYj nigbNþak;TunenAmankRmit ehIykarGnuvtþ
EbbenH CaeKalneya)ald¾manRbsiT§iPaBsRmab;eRbIR)as; {enAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr} nig
karBarkar)at;bg;kargar edIm,IRbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμshrdæGaemrik. TIBIr kar
GnuvtþbTdæankargarGnþrCatitamry³kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIGaemrikGac kat;bnßybBaða
R)ak;kéRmTab niglkç½xNнkargarmankRmitrbs;kmμkrnieyaCit edaysarEtkarRbCYtRbECg
elITIpSarGnþrCati nigkarBar {karRbkYtRbECgrbs;eragcRkkat;edr kñúgkarkat;bnßykar
cMNay elIkéRmBlkmμ} kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_.27
23 ]TahrN_° kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrik nigRbeTsQIlI.
24 PasaEbbenHk¾)anbBa©ÚlenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIGaemrik nigRbeTseb:rUenAeRkamrdæ)alelak
RbFanaFibtI b‘Us EdlCaEpñkmYyéneKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfμIGaemrik.
25 David A. Grantz, Discussion Paper No. 11-13/ cMNgeCIg Labor Rights and Environmental Protection under NAFTA
and Free Trade Agreements, UNIV. MIAMI INTER-AM. L. REV., qñaM2011; Arizona Legal Studies Discussion
Paper No. 11-13, TMB½r43 ¬éf¶TI21 ExmIna qñaM2011¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://papers.ssrn.com /sol3/
papers.cfm? abstract_id=1791839. 26 Polaski, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx17 Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r16.
27 Rober M. Stern & Katerine Terrell, cMNgeCIg Labor Standards and the World Trade Organization, Discussion Paper
No. 499, General R. Ford School of Public Policy, Univ. of Michigan, at 2 (Aug. 2003) manenAelIeKhTMB½r
http://fordschool.umich.edu/rsie/workingpapers/Papers476-500/r499.pdf.
8 |
eBlfμIenH² eTaHbICakic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIshrdæGaemrikeRbIPasa EdltRmÚv[
mankarGnuvtþtambTdæankargar[manRbsiT§PaBk¾eday mtriHKn;ecaTsYrfaetIeKalneya)ay
BaNiC¢kmμfIμGaemrik BitCaGacnwgelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþtambTdæanGnþrCati nigkarBarsiTi§
kmμkrnieyaCit)anEdrb¤eT. enAqñaM 2011 shrdæGaemrik)anykerOgkþIelIkTImYy nigdMbUg
eKbMputTak;TgnwgbTbBaØtþikargar nig kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIGaemrik CamYynwgsaFardæ
dUmInik nig RbeTsenAtMbn;GaemrikkNþalmkedaHRsay edaysarEtRbeTshÁn;etm:aLa
(Guatemala) min)aneKarBtambTdæanc,ab;kargarrbs;xøÜn.28
CalT§plbnÞab;BIkaredaHRsay
CemøaHmanlkçxNÐ18 EdltRmÚv[RbeTshÁn;etm:aLa cat;viFankar[)anc,as;las;edIm,I
elIkkm<s;kareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit. dMeNaHRsayEbbenHnwgCMruj[édKUBaniC¢kmμ {eFVIkar
crca nigrkdMeNaHRsayd¾smrmümYy} sRmab;karelIkkm<s;siT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.29
k¾b:uEnþ
dUcEdlelak sa®sþacarü David A. Gantz )anelIkeLIgRbsiT§PaBéneKalneya
)ayBaNiC¢kmμfIμ kñúgeBlbcñúb,nñ nigGnaKtGacdMeNIreTA)anGaRs½yelIqnÞ³énrdæ)alsh
rdæGaemrikkñúgkarbegáItmUlniFiRTRTg; CMnYybec©keTs nigqnÞ³neya)aykñúgkarelIkkm<s;kar
GnuvtþbTbBaØtþikargar.30
3> mtiriHKn;RbqaMgnwgbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ
mtiriHKn;nwgkardak;bTbBaØtiþkargareTAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ GHGagfaRbsinebI
RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_RtÚv)anbgçM[kMNt;bTdæankargarx<s;CagtémøplitplelITIpSarBiPBelak
nieyaCitrbs;xøÜnnwgRbQmmuxnwgkar)at;bg;kargar. R)ak;kéRmBlkmμ{nwgeLIgx<s;Cagmun nig
CMruj[GñkvinieyaKTunbreTsQb;bNþak;Tun ehIyGRtaKμankargarekIneLIgx<s;EfmeTot}.31
mansßiti nig P½sþútagdak;EsþgsRmab;;KaMRTGMNHGMNagxagelIenH. mankarsikSaRsavRCav
tamEbbviTüasa®sþCaeRcIn )anviPaKBIdMeNIrkarvivtþn_rbs;nieyaCit enAeBlEdlR)ak;QμÜl
28 dkRsg;ecjBIeKhTMB½r http://www. ustr.gov/trade-topics/labor/bilateral-and-regional-trade-agreements/
Guatemala-submissionunder-caftadr. 29 Gantz, emIlkMNt;cMNat;elx25/ TMB½r43.
30 Id., TMB½r44.
31 Gabriel H. Sahlgren, Issued Analysis No. 10, cMNgeCIg The United States-South Korea Free Trade
Agreement: An Economic and Political Analysis, Competitive Enterprise Institute, TMB½r1 ¬Extula qñaM
2007¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://cei.org/pdf/6189.pdf.
9 |
mankarERbRbÜl. dUcKñaenHpgEdr c,ab;kargarminGackarBarsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit)an enA
eBlEdl GñkvinieyaKTunRtÚvcMNayy:aghYsRbmaNelIviFankarN_TaMgLayEdlRtÚvGnuvtþ
edIm,IelIkkm<s;siT§ikmμkrnieyaCit. manP½sþútagCak;Esþg edaysarEtmanRkúmh‘unmYYycMnYn
)andkTun rbs;xøÜn xN³eBleBlEdlshCIBTamTarR)ak;kéRmx<s; ¬]TahrN_ shCIB
United Fruit enARbeTskUsþarIka ¦.32
elIsBIenHeTAeTot sa®sþacarü r:UbWt EGm> sÞWn (Robert M. Stern) nig xatFWrIn
fWErl (Katherine Terrell) )anelIkeLIgfaeKalneya)ay b¤bTbBaØtþikargarkñúgRbeTsEdl
minmanehdæarcnasm½<n§ FnFanmnusS b¤karhVwkhVWnRtwmRtÚv edIm,IKaMRT nigkarGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtþi
kargarminGacdMeNIkareTAmux)aneLIy.33
dUcKñanwgesdækic©viTU mtiRbqaMgnwgkarGnuvtþn_bT
bBaØtikargar cat;TukBaNiC¢kmμesrIPavUbnIykmμ nigsklPavUbnIykmμCameFüa)aysRmab;
elIkkm<s;sßanPaBesdækic© nigsgÁm[manPaBRbesIreLIgkñúgry³eBlyUr. karRbwgERbg
dak;[mankarGnuvtþbTdæankargar[)anTUlMTUlay nigrwtEtmanRbsiT§PaBCagmunenAkñúgkic©RBm
eRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI )anRtwmEtraraMgBaNiC¢kmμesrIPavUbnIykmμ nigkarrIklUtlas;rbs;esdæ
kic©CatiEtb:ueNÑaH.
mtiEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI min)anbBa¢ak;[)anc,as;BIkardak;bBa©ÚlbTdæankargar
EdltwgruwgCagmun kñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIeRkamKeRmag eKalneya)ayBaNiC¢kmμfIμ
rbs;shrdæGaemrikenaHeT. CaTUeTA mtiRbqaMgnwgkarGnuvtþn_bTbBaØtiþkargarEdltwgrwugCag
munkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrIrbs;shrdæGaemrik CMTas;nwgRKb;TRmg;énkardak;bBa©Úlkar
GnuvtþbTdæankargar enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI.34
mtimYYyeTotEdlRbqaMgnwgkar
GnuvtþbTdæankargar KWnieyaCknwgpøas;bþÚrTItaMgplitrbs;xøÜneTAbNþaRbeTsEdlkarGnuvtþn_
bTdæankargarenAmankRmit ehIybegáIt[manGRtaénPaBKμankargareFVIx<s;enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs
EdlmankarGnuvtþn_tambTbBaØtiþkargarRtwmRtÚv nigkéRmBlkmμx<s;.35
4> mtiKaMRTnwgkarGnuvtþbTdæankargarkñ úgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ
32 Stern & Terrell, emIlkMNt;cMNaMEdl)anbgðajenAxagelI Error! Bookmark not defined, TMB½r7.
33 Id., TMB½r8.
34 Berik & Rodgers, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4/ TMB½r2.
35Id., TMB½r3.
10 |
ebIeTaHbICamanP½sþútagCasßiti nigRBwtþikarN_Cak;EsþgKaMRTfa karBRgwgkareKarBbTdæan
kargartamry³ynþkarBaNiC¢kmμGacCaehtubNþal[mankar)at;bg;kargar/ karfycuHvini
eyaKTunbreTs nigeFVI[kMeNInesdækic©Føak;cuH CaBiesskñúgRbeTsEdlxVHehdæarcnasm<½n§/
karGb;rM nigc,ab;kñúgRbeTsedIm,I[eKarB nigRbtibtiþtambTdæankargark¾eday manP½sþútag
d¾eRcInelIslb;bBa¢ak;fa karmtixagelIenHminRtwmRtÚv. Cak;Esþg karBRgwgbTdæankargarGac
begÍánnUvkarRbkYtRbECg nigkMeNInesdækic©rbs;RbeTsmYy.36
k¾b:uEnþ karRbkYtRbECg
edIm,ITak;TajkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs CaBiesskñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_GacnwgeFVI[man
{karRbkYtRbECgrbs;eragcRkkat;edr kñúgkarkat;bnßykarcMNayelIBlkmμ} Edlb:HBal;
dl;bTdæankargar nigc,ab;kmμkrnieyaCit.37
karsikSamYyenAqñaM2002 )ankMNt;fa karvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs eRcInekItmanenA
bNþalRbeTsmankareKarBsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit.38
manktþaCaeRcInEdlCMruj[karbNþak;Tun
pÞal;BIbreTsekIneLIg. Ktþacm,gKWkareKarBnigGnuvtþtamlkçxNÐkargar nigkareKarBsiT§i
kmμkrnieyaCit CaktþaCMruj[mansißrPaBneya)ay nigsgÁm ehIyktþaTaMgenHehIyEdl
CMruj[mankMeNInesdækic© nigTak;TgjkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs.39
karsÞg;mtirbs;sh
RKinsaCIvkmμ)anbgðajfa ebIeTaHbICabTdæankargartRmÚv[manR)ak;kéRmBlkmμx<s;k¾eday
karcMMNayeRcInEbbenHCakarcaM)ac; BIeRBaHvaCMruj[mansißrPaBneya)ay sgÁm nig
kMeNInesdækic©.40
y:agNak¾eday kardak;bBa©Úl[mankarGnuvtþbTdæankargar[)anRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgkic©
RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμKWenAminTan;RKb;RKan;enAeLIy. dUcEdl)anelIkeLIgxagelI shrdæ
Gaemrik)anBüayamEtmþgb:ueNÑaH edIm,IBRgwgbTdæankargarkñúgkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμesrI.
RbsinebIshrdæGaemrikmin)anBüayamCMruj[mankarRbtibtþibTdæankargarenaHeT RbeTs
36 Id. 37 David Kucera, cMNgeCIg Core Labor Standards and Foreign Direct Investment, 141: 1-2 INT' L LABOUR
REV. 31, 31 ¬qñaM2002¦.
38 Id.,TMB½r33.
39 Id., TMB½r34-35.
40 Id., TMB½r35-36.
11 |
kMBugGPivDÆn_nwgminsμ½RKcitþeKarBtambTdæankargarGnþrCatienaHeT CaBiesskñúgkrNIEdl
RbeTsTaMgenaHBMumankartaMgcitþ hirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§RKb;RKan;edIm,IGnuvtþn_.41
viFI
sa®sþbIepSgKñaRtÚv)anesIñedaysa®sþacarü nigsisSenAfñak;]tþmsikSa b¤k¾RtÚv)an
GnuvtþedayraCrdæaPi)al GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigRkúmh‘un edIm,IxitxMRbwgERbgedaHRsay
bBaðaénkarminGnuelameTAtambTdæankargar rYmTaMgkarxVHxatnUvkarKaMBarsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCitenA
kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_.
5>ynþkarbIy:agsRmab;edaHRsaykarminGnuelamtambTdæankargar
5>1> ynþkarelIkTwkcitþedIm,ITak;TajBaNiC¢kmμ
enAeBlEdlRbeTsbg;køaedsTTYlrgplb:HBal;BIlkçxNçkargarenAmankRmit nigkar
rMelaPc,ab;kargarenAeBlfμI²enH RbeTskm<úCa EdlCaRbeTsmanesdækic©Tn;exSay ehIy
]sSahkmμnaMecjsemøókbMBak;rbs;xøÜnkMBuglUtlas; cab;epþImelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþn_bTdæan
kargar bnÞab;BIcuHkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμCamYynwgshrdæGaemrik.42
TisedAepSgKñamYy
cMnYnEdl RbeTskm<úCa nigbg;køaeds)anGnuvtþGacemIleXIjtamry³karbegáItKeRmagelIk
km<s;bTdæankargarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EdlCMruj[manbTdæankargarsmrmü nigbegáInkar
naMecj.43
KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa EdlekItecjBIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ
eTVPaKIelIvis½yvaynP½NÐrvagkm<úCa nigshrdæGaemrik enAqñaM1999 )anseRmceKal
bMNgrbs;xøÜn elIcMNucbIy:agdUcxageRkam °
41 RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn dUcCaRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsbg;køaeds manrdæFmμnuBaØ nigc,ab;kargarEdl
dak;bBa©ÚlbTbBaØtþikargary:agl¥itl¥n; niglkçxNçénsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit Edlbgðaj[eXIjnUvkareFVIsc©ab½nrbs;
xøÜnelIcMnuceKalénc,ab;kargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak. k¾b:uEnþ ebIeTaHbICaRbeTsmYymanbBaØtþikargark¾
edayk¾manGacFanafamankarkarGnuvtþRtwmRtÚvenaHeLIy. ]TahrN_° RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIsc©ab½nelIGnusBaØa
TaMg8rbs;GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati EdltMNag[cMnuceKalénbTdæankargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak b:uEnþ
karGnuvtþtamcMnuceKalénbTdæankargarrbs;RbeTsmYyenH BitCakarBi)ak edaysarEtGMeBIBukrlYy. RbeTs
bg;køaedsmanc,ab;kargarkñúgRsukd¾TUlMTUlayCaeRcIn edIm,IkarBarkmμkrnieyaCit ehIyRbeTsenHEfmTaMg )aneFVI
sc©ab½nelIGnusBaØacMnYn7 kñúgcMenamGnusBaØasMxan;TaMg8 rbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak b:uEnþkarGnuvtþénsiTi§
shCIB nigbTbBaØtiþsIþBIkarminerIseGIgenAmankRmit.
42 Id., TMB½r7.
43 Id., TMB½r2.
12 |
1> karbegáInkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak;rbs;km<úCaeTAkan;TIpSarGaemrik CMruj[mankar
elIkkm<s;bTdæankargar.
2> karBwgEp¥kelIGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak kñúgkaredIrtYnaTICaPñak;garRtÜtBinitükar
GnuvtþbTdæankargar.
3> karTTYlyknUvviFankartmøaPaB eBleFVIesckþIraykarN_BIlT§plénkarRtÜt
BinitükarGnuvtþtambTdæankargarenAkñúgeragcRk.44
lkçxNÐénkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKIelIvis½ykat;edrrvagkm<úCa nigshrdæGaemrik
)anbegáInkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak;eTAshrdæGaemrik kñúglkçxNçEdlkm<úCaeKarBtamc,ab;
kargarrbs;xøÜn nigbTdæankargarEdlTTYlsÁal;Caskl.45
ehtudUecñH kic©RBmeRBógenH
)aneRbIR)as;ynþkarelIkTwkcitþedIm,ITak;TajBaNiC¢kmμ ¬CaCagkardak;TNÐkmμ¦ edIm,I
CMruj[mankareKarBtambTdæankargar ehIyedaymanGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCatiBinitütamdan
karGnuvtþtambTdæankargarenAkñúgeragRckkat;edrenAkm<úCa.46
eTaHbICakic©RBmeRBógenH)an
putkMNt;eTAehIyk¾eday kmμviFIBinitütamdanenAEtbnþ nig)anBRgIkvisalPaBrbs;xøÜntaMg
BIqñaM 2004.47
KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa rYmbBa©ÚlCMnYybec©keTs nigkarBRgwgsmtß
PaB edIm,IelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþ nigRtÜtBinitübTdæankargarrbs;rdæaPi)alkm<úCa nigkarcuHeTA
RtÜtBinitüeragcRkkat;edr nigvaytémøedaypÞal;rbs;buKÁlikGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak.48
KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrenAkm<úCa k¾mankmμviFIbNþúHbNþal edIm,ICYykmμkrfμI[yl;dwg
BIsiT§irbs;xøÜn CYyCieyaCkBRgwgviFIsa®sþbNþúHbNþal nigGb;rMBITMnak;TMngrvagbuKÁlik nigGñk
dwknaMshCIBelIkic©snüakargar lkçxNçkargar rYmTaMgkareRCIserIsbuKÁlik.49
edIm,IFana
44 Id., TMB½r2.
45 Id., TMB½r8.
46 Id., TMB½r8.
47 Id., TMB½r8.
48 Id., TMB½r14.
49 Id., TMB½r14-15.
13 |
[kmμvIFIenHmantmøaPaB r)aykarN_énkarcuHeTARtÜtBinitüeragcRkRtÚv)anbegðaHelIeKhTMB½r
www.betterfactories.org.50
eKhTMB½renH)anEføgfa {KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmun
enAkm<úCa eFVIkarRtÜtBinitüeragcRk/ bNþúHbNþalEpñkRKb;RKg nigkmμkr/ pþl;karENnaM nig
dMbUnμaneragcRk[rkSa)anR)ak;cMeNj nigeKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.}51
KeRmageragcRkRbesIrCagmunenARbeTskm<úCa CMruj nigsRmÜlkarGnuvtþtambT
dæankargar CaCagpakBin½yelIeragcRk b¤dak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHkarrMelaPbMBanc,ab;kargar.52
kmμviFIenHGacbMeBjkic©kar)anCaeRcIndUcCa° TImYy pþl;nUvkarkarBarelIsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit
nig kargar TIBIr begáItskþanuBlEpñkesdækic©kñúgvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edr nigTIbI Tak;Taj
Rkúmh‘un[mkbNþak;TunenAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanekr×þeQμaHl¥kñúgkarGnuvtþtambTdæankargar.53
50 Id., TMB½r15
51 esckIþEføgkarN_ EdlTTYl)ankarKaMRT edayr)aykarN_cMnYn30ecjpSayedayGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak
cenøaHBIExviciäka qñaM2001 dl; Exkkáda qñaM2003. sUmemIleKhTMB½r www.betterfactories.org . RKaEdl
GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelakbnþbgðajkartaMgcitþrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarKaMRTkmμviFIeragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmun nigkarvivtþ
rbs;kmμviFIenH Cak;Esþg bBaðasMxan;Tak;TgnwgkarGnuelamtamc,ab;kargarrbs;eragcRkenARbeTskm<úCa
KWenAEtmanbnÞab;BIGanesckIþraykarN_EdlmanenAeKhTMB½rxagelI. enAkñúgesckþIraykarN_Exemsa qñaM 2013
GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati)andkRsg;nUvPaBbraC½ykñúgkarGnuvtþn_suvtißPaBxagEpñkGKÁIP½y R)ak;]btßmÖ Gahar
kRmitkMedA lT§PaBTTYl)anTwks¥at nigsab‘U nigkargarEfmem:agmankMNt;. KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIr
CagmunenARbeTskm<úCa Twenty Ninth Synthesis Report on Working Conditions in Cambodia's Garment Sector
and Statement of the Project Advisory Committee, GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak ¬éf¶TI11 emsa qñaM2013¦/
manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterwork.com/cambodia/wp-content/uploads /2013/04/Sythesis-Report-29th -EN-
Final.pdf. 52 kñúgkarRtÜtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþbTbBaØatiþkargarrbs;rdæenAGaemrikLaTIn Michael Piore nig Andrew Schrank
)an[ehtuplfa RkúmGFikarkic©kargar bMeBjkargaredaymanRbsiT§PaB enAeBlEdleKedIrtYCaGñkRbwkSa
nigBieRKaHeyabl;CaCagedIrtYCaTICab:UlIs. kareFVIEbbenHmann½yfa enAeBlkarbMBanc,ab;EdlCalT§pl
ekItecjBIkarb:unb:g[enAEtmankarRbkYtRbECgrbs;shRKinRtÚv)anrkeXIj RkúmGFikarkic©kargarrdæedIrtYy:ag
sMxan;kñúgkar[dMbUnμan nigEpnkarGMBIrebobrkviFIEdleFVI[karRbkYtRbECg nigkareKarBc,ab;GacTTYlyk
)anTaMgBIrCaCag RKan;Etdak;TNÐkmμ b¤pak;Bin½ycMeBaHkarelμIsc,ab;. Mark Anner Jennifer Bair &Jeremy
Blasi, Buyer Power, Pricing Practice, and Labor Outcomes in Global Supply Chains, Univ. Of Colorado at
Boulder, Institution Program Working Paper Series: INST2012-11, TMB½r4 ¬sIha qñaM2012¦
53 Berik & Rodger, emIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI, TMB½r 21.
14 |
eTaHCadUecñHkIþ kmμviFIenHTTYlrgkarriHKn;Tak;TinnwgRbsiT§PaBénkarelIkkm<s;kareKarB
siT§ikmμkrnieyaCit nigsuvtßiPaBkargar. karsikSaÉkraCümYyenAkñúgqñaM2013 )ankMNt;
fakñúgGMLúgeBl11qñaMénkarRbtibtþikmμviFIenH R)ak;QñÜl nigsniþsuxkargarCamUldæan)an
Føak;cuH ehIy {karcrcaCasmUhPaB nigesμaHRtg;rvagnieyaCknignieyaCit RBmTaMg
lkçxNçkargarCamUldæan nigsuxPaBenAEtCabBaðaEdlminGacedaHRsay)an.}54
karvay
témøRbcaMBak;kNþalqmassIþBIlkçxNçkargarrbs; KeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmun
enAkm<úCa )ankMNt;smÁal;BI {karFøak;cuHénkarGnuvtþn_tambTdæankargar ehIy)atukmμcab;
ekItmaneLIgvijtaMgBIqñaM2011 bnÞab;BIkarrIkcMerInd¾KYr[s¶b;Es¶g kñúgmYyTsvtSeRkay
bnÞab;karcuHhtßelxaelI kic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμeTVPaKIelIvis½y]sSahkmμkat;edrrvagkm<úCa
nigshrdæGaemrik.}55
r)aykarN_mYyelIkeLIgBIkar)ak;rlMGaKar er:Na pøahSa enA
RbeTsbg;køaeds nigkardYlrlMeragcRkmYykalBIEx]sPa qñaM2013enARbeTskm<úCa
Edl)ansmøab;CIvitkmμkrplitEs,keCIgcMnYnBIrrUb56
nigbBa¢ak;fa {GtifiCnenAkñúgskl
54 cMNgeCIg Monitoring in the Dark: An Evaluation of the International Labour Organization's Better
Factories Cambodia Monitoring and Reporting Program, International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution
Clinic, Mills Legal Clinic, Stanford Law School and Worker Rights Consortium, at ii ¬ExKumÖ³
qñaM2013¦manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://humanrightsclinic.law.stanford.edu/project/monitoring-in-the-dark/ kar
sikSbnþesñIsMu[mankMENTRmg; edIm,I[kmμvIFIkan;EtmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarkarBarsiT§irbs;kmμkr nigsuvtßiPaBkñúg
eragcRkenAkm<úCarYmmanviFIsa®sþbegáIntmøaPaBénkarBinitütamdan nigraykarN_rbs;kmμviFI. Id., TMB½r56-
72.
55 Statement of the Project Advisory Committee of Better Factories Cambodia, GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak/
¬éf¶TI18 Exkkáda qñaM2013¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterfactories.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/
Final-PAC-statement-SR-30-EN.pdf. 56 emIl]TahrN_° Leang Phannar, Shane Worrell nig May Titthara dkRsg;ecjBIGtßbT Company Admits
“Negligence in Factory Disaster,” PñMeBjb:us×þ/ éf¶TI17 Ex]sPa qñaM2013/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r
http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/company-admits-%E2%80%98negligence% E2%80%99-factory-
disaster. kardYlrlMTIBIr)anekIteLIgBIrbIéf¶eRkaymk. sUmemIlGtßbTeday Shane Worrell nig qay
can;danIda/ Accident Rocks Garment Industry Again, PñMeBjb:us×þ éf¶TI20 Ex]sPa qñaM2013/ manenAelI
eKhTMB½r http://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/accident-rocks-garment-industry-again.
15 |
elakkMBugEtTamTar[RbeTskm<úCa eFVIy:agNaFana[manbTdæankargarsmrmüsRmab;kmμkr
nieyaCit.}57
karFøak;cuHénlkçxNçkargarbnÞab;BI KeRmageragcRkRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa TTYl
)aneCaKC½ydMbUg )anbgðaj[eXIjfa eTaHbICakarGPivDÆ nigkarGnuvtþkmμviFIelIkTwk
citþBaNiC¢kmμCasklGacCameFüa)ayd¾manRbsiT§PaBy:agNak¾eday edIm,IKaMRT[manelIk
karkm<s;karGnuvtþbTdæankargar nigkareKarBsiT§inieyaCit58
viFIsa®sþenHRtÚvEtdMeNIrkar
CamYynwgynþkarRtÜtBinitüeragcRk nigkarrwtbnþwgeKalneya)aykñúgRsuk.59
elIsBIenH
eTAeTotynþkarelIkTwkcitþTak;TajBaNiC¢kmμEtmYy KWminRKb;RKan;enaHeT. karvaytémø
KeRmageragcRkRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa )ankt;smÁal;fa bBaðafμIEdlekIteLIgminEmnEteday
sareKalneya)ayCatisþIbTbBaØtikargarenaHeT bBaðaTaMgenHekIteLIgk_eday {TMnak;TMng
nigsm<aFkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;elIBiPBelak.} bBaðaenHnwgmanbkRsayenAcMNuc5>3 sþIGMBI
viFIsa®sþEktRmÚvkarkMNt;témøkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl én{kic©RBmeRBógsRmab;QμÜj
kNþal}.60
5>2> ynþkarRkmRbtibtþ i nigkarRtÜtBinitürbs;saCIvkmμ
bnÞab;BImanerOgGaRsUvpSBVpSayCasaFarN³BIkarekgRbv½Ba© nigkareFVI)abelIkmμkr
nieyaCitkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enABak;kNþalstvtSr_90 Rkúmh‘unvinieyaKTunEdleFIVCMnYj
57 dkRsg;GtßbTecjBIKeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa/ mancMNgeCIgfa Thirtieth Synthesis
Report on Working Condition in Cambodia's Garment Sector, GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak/ TMB½rTI1 ¬éf¶TI18
kkáda qñaM2013¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterfactories.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/30th-Synthesis-
Report-Final-EN.pdf ¬smÁal;fakarFøak;cuHkarGnuvtþkñúgEpñksuvtßiPaBGKÁIP½y Blkmμkumar suvtißPaB nigsuxPaB
rbs;kmμkrnieyaCitGacsnμtfabgáeLIgedaykMeNIny:agelOnén]sSahkmμenH.¦
58 Berik & Rodgers, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx4/ TMB½r22.
59 Id./ TMB½r23-24.
60 dkRsg;GtßbTecjBIKeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa (BFC)/ Thirtieth Synthesis Report,
sUmemIl kMNt;cMNaMelx57Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r8. GñkRtÜtBinitüÉkraCü)anbBa¢ak;faRbsiT§
PaBénKeRmageragcRkkan;EtRbesIrCagmunenAkm<úCa RtÚv)anraMgsÞH {BIeRBaHKeRmagenHmin)anedaHRsaynUv
rebobénkarTijrbs;m:akyIeha nigQμÜjEdlCYy[man {karrMelaPbMBanelIsiT§kmμkrnieyaCit}.} Monitoring
in the dark/ sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx54 Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r ii.
16 |
kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ )anbegáItRkmRbtibtþirYmCamYynwgynþkarRtÜtBinitü edIm,I[karGnu
vtþRsbtamRkmRbtibtþi.61
edaysarEtkarGnuvtþc,ab;kargarkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enA
mankRmit ynþkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþn_c,ab;kargartamRkmRbtibtþirYmk¾køayCaviFankarcm,g
Edl Rkúmh‘un nigGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al kMBugeRbIR)as;edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðalkçxNçkargar
EdlenAmankRmit nigkarmineKarBsiT§inieyaCitrbs;eragcRkenAkñúgdMeNIrkarplit nigEck
cayplitpldl;GtifiCn.62
RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ)anbegáIt {eKalkarN_ENnaMEdltRmÚv[RkúmRtÜtBinitürbs;
eragcRk nigRkúmh‘unsvnkmμÉkCn eFVIkarRtÜtBinitü nigvaytémøelIdMeNIkareragcRk.}63
RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ køayCaeKalkarN_RKb;RKgpøÚvkar EdlCYyEktRmÚv\riyabfrbs;
saCIvkmμcMeBaHnieyaCitkñúgRkbxNÐsmRsb nigeKarBtambTdæankargar.64
mtiKaMRTkar
begáItRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ )an[ehtuplfa TRmg;énkarRKb;RKgsaCIvkmμedaymankarRtÜt
BinitüedayRkúmh‘unsvnkmμ CMruj[GtifiCnTijplitplPaKeRcInBIRkúmh‘unNaEdleKarB
tambTbBaØtikargarGnþrCati nigdak;Biin½ydl;Rkúmh‘unNa EdlmineKarBtambTbBaØtikargar
GnþrCati ehIyGaceFVIkarbNþak;TunenAkEnøgepSg.65
Rkúmh‘unbegáItRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμedayEp¥kmUlehtumYycMnYn dUcCatRmÚvkarGPivDÆn_
KeRmagsRmab;RKb;RKgRbtibtþikareragcRkBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyeTot PaBeCOCak;Edlfa
RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμnwgFana[mankarGnuvtþbTdæankargarRbkbedayyutþiFm’ RBmTaMgbegáIn
cMNUldl;Rkúmh‘un bMNgR)afñacg;køayCa{QμÜlrksIud¾l¥} b¤bMNgR)afñaedIm,IbegáIn nig karBar
ekr×þeQμaHrbs;xøÜn.66
61 Locke, Qin & Brause, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx12Edl)anbgðajenAxagelI/ TMB½r4 .
62 Id., TMB½r4.
63 Berik & Rodgers, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMBIelx4/ TMB½r 6.
64 Jill Murray, Corporate Codes of Conduct and Labor Standards, Working Paper, Corporate Codes of Conduct,
Cornell Univ. ILR School ¬éf¶TI5 ]sPa qñaM1998¦, TMB½r3/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r
http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1007&context=codes.
65 Anner, Bair & Blasi, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx52/ TMB½r3.
66 Murray, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx64/ TMB½r18.
17 |
eyageTAtamGgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati FatupSMmYycMnYnRtÚvykmkBiPakSaenAmuneBl
EdlRbtibtþisaCIvkmμGacdMeNIrkareTA)aneday {tmøaPaB nigRbsiT§iPaB}. FatupSMTaMgenaH
mandUcCa
- RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμenHGaceFVIeLIgCalaylkçN_GkSr GPivDÆn_ nigGnuvtþenAkñúglkçN³
mYyEdlpþl;GMNac nigkarcUlrYmBIsMNak;nieyaCit.
- RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμenHqøúHbBa©aMg[eXIjnUvtRmÚvkarrbs;nieyaCitkñúgRsuk nigkarFana[
)andac;xatnUveKalkarN_kRmitGb,brma énbTdæankargarrbs;GgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelak.
- RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ enHminEmnCaRkdasmYysnøwkEdlRbFankariyal½yEdlminman
\T§iBlCak;lak;elIkic©dMeNIrkarrbs;Rkúmh‘un eKalneya)ay nigbuKÁlikenaHeT.
- karRbtibtþikargarrbs;Rkúmh‘un RtÚvRtÜtBinitüedayRkúmh‘unsvnkmμ.67
mtiriHKn;nwgRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigynþkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþbTdæankargar GHGag
faRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigynþkarRtÜtBinitüminEmnbegáIteLIgedIm,IkarBarnieyaCit b¤eFVI[
lkçxNÐkargarmanPaBRbesIreLIgenaHeT b:uEnþKWedIm,I {dak;kRmitelIkarTTYlxusRtÚvpøÚvc,ab;
elIeQμaHplitpl nigTb;sáat;kareFVI[xUceQμaHplitplenaH.}68
mtiriHKn;elIkeLIgbEnßm
eTotfa RkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigkmμviFIRtÜtBinitüÉkCn EtgEteFVIb:HBa;l;dl;bTbBa¢arbs;
rdæaPi)al nigkarGnþraKmn_rbs;shCIB.69
mtiriHKn;mYyeTotRbqaMgnwgynþkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþbTdæankargar GHGagfaGac
manPaBlem¥óg nigminGacTTYlyk)anekIteLIg edaysarEtGñkcuHeTARtÜtBinitüeragcRk
GacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_tamry³karseRmccitþrbs;xøÜn nigminmancMeNHdwgRKb;RKan;edIm,I
eFVIkic©karenH.70
ynþkarépÞkñúgrbs;Rkúmh‘unkñúgkarRtÜtBinitüdMeNIrkarGnuvtþbTdæankargarGac
bgáCaPaBminR)akdRbCa)an k¾edaysarEtRkúmh‘unmanectnalak;karrMelaPbMBanelIc,ab;
kargar.71
ehtudUecñH kareRCIserIsRkúmh‘unsvnkmμ{ÉkraCü}mkeFVIkarva:ytémøGacedaH
RsaybBaðaminR)akdRbCa nigGMeBIBukrlYy. y:agNak¾eday Rkúmh‘unsvnkmμGacpÁab;
67 Id., TMB½r4-5.
68 Locke, Qin & Brause, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx12/ TMB½r5.
69 Id. 70 Id. 71 Id.
18 |
citþGtifiCnrbs;xøÜnedIm,IGaceFVIkic©shRbtiþkarCamYyKñaenAéf¶GnaKt.72
GgÁkarminrkR)ak;
cMeNjGaceFVIkarRtÜtBinitüedayminmanPaBlem¥óg b:uEnþsßab½nenHGacxVHxatxagCMnajRtÜt
Binitü nigkarva:ytémørbs;Rkúmh‘unsvnkmμÉkCn.73
mtiriHKn;cugeRkayeTAelIRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigynþkarénkarRtÜtBinitükarGnuvtþ
bTdæankargarelIkeLIgfaRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμmaneRcInRbePT ehIymanTisedA viFIsa®sþ
nigRbB½n§énkarRtÜtBinitüepSg²Kña EdleFVI[kareFVIsvnkmμminmanPaBRtwmRtÚv.74
elIsBI
enH GñkpÁt;pÁg;xitxMBüayamGnuvtþ nigRtÜtBinitüRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμd¾sm,ÚrEbbsRmab;kar
eFIVsaCIvkmμEdlmanRbePTepSg²BIKñaenAkñúgeragcRkEtmYy Edlbgá[manPaBminGacTTYl
yk)anmYycMnYn dUcCa PaBRcbUkRcbl;/ {PaBTn;exSay} nig{PaBminR)akdRbCaénkar
RtÜtBinitü}.75
ebIeTaHbICamanTsSn³elIkeLIgBIRbsiT§PaBénRkmRbtibtþisaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitü
karGnuelameTAtamsvnkmμEtmYy KWminRKb;RKan;edIm,IseRmc)annUvkarGPivDÆRbkbeday
nirnþPaBkñúglkçxNçkargar nigkEnøgeFVIkard¾éTeTotEdlGacpøas;bþÚr)an. enAeBlEdlkar
RtÜtBinitüGacmanmuxgarCa]bkrN_d¾sMxan;sRmab;bgðajBIKmøatenAkñúgRbB½n§enHk¾eday EtGVI
EdlsMxan;CagenH KWfaetImanGVIekIteLIgbnÞab;BIeFVIsvnkmμ.76
edayEp¥kelImUlehtuenH
shRKascab;epþImpøas;bþÚrkarsgát;F¶n;BIkarGnuelamtamsvnkmμ eTAelIviFIsa®sþrYmKñaeday
72 Id. 73 Id. 74 Id., TMB½r5-6.
75Id., TMB½r6. ]TahrN_ shRKinGacRtÚv)anTamTar[erobcMeLIgvijnUv]bkrN_ Bnøt;GKÁIP½yb¤EksRmÜlnUv
cMnYnbgÁn; enAeBlEdlsvnkrsRmab;m:akyIehaxusKñaGnuvtþkarRtÜtBinitüeragcRk. Id., sUmemIlGtßbTEdl
mancMNgeCIgfa Respecting Human Rights Through Global Supply Chains, Shift Workshop Report No. 2,
TMB½r13 ¬tula qñaM2012¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://shiftproject.org/sites/default/files/% 20Respecting
%20Human%20Rights%20Through%20Global%20Supply%20Chains% 20Report.pdf. 76Id. dUcsuPasitrbs;GasIumYy)aneBalfa {GñkminGaceFVI[RCÚkFat;CagmunenAeBlEdlGñkEtgEtføwgva.}
19 |
eFVIkarCamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;edIm,I {vaytémøelIKmøat ksagsmtßPaBbuKÁlik nigCMruj[mankar
GPivDÆedaynirnþrPaB.}77
5>3> ynþkarEktRmÚvkarkMNt;témøkñ úgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;skl
eyagtam m:ak GanNW (Mark Anner) ECnnIFWl )al (Jennifer Bair) nig eCrWmI
)øasIu (Jeremy Blasi) mUlehtucm,génkarrMelaPbMBan;elIsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit CabnþbnÞab;
enAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg KWbNaþlmkBIviFIsa®sþkñúgkarkMNt;témørvagGñkTij nigGñklk;.78
Epnkar b¤dMeNIrkarNamYyeFIVeLIgedIm,IRtÜtBinitü y:agtwgruwgeTAelIsßanPaBkñúgeragcRk
kat;edrEdleRbIkmμkr[eFVIkarF¶n; b:uEnþpþl;R)ak;Extic RtÚvTTYlsÁal;Casklfasm<aFén
témøCalkçN³RbB½n§elIGñkpÁt;pÁg; beNþay[mankarrMelaPbMBanelIsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.79
enAkñúgkarsikSafμImYy Tinñn½yRtÚv)anRbmUledayEp¥kelIninñakarénkarbg;éføelIsemøókbMBak;
rbs;Rkúmh‘unGahr½NshrdæGaemrikBIqñaM1988 dl; qñaM2010 rYmTaMgsßankarN_énsiT§i
kmμkrnieyaCitenA bNþalRbeTsnaMecjsemøókbMBak;kMBUlTaMg20 eTAkan;shrdæGaemrik
kñúgqñaMEtmYy.80
Tinñn½y)anbgðajfa TImYYYy témøCamFümkñúgmYyEm:Rtkaer:énsemøók
bMBak;EdlnaMcUlkMBugFøak;éfø nig TIBIr bNþaRbeTsEdlkMBugbegáIncMENkrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarnaM
semøókbMBak;eTAshrdæGaemrikTMngCarMelaPbMBancMnucsMxan;énbTdæankargarCag b:uEnþpÞúyeTA
77 Id., eRbIR)as;Tinñn½yBIsvnkmμeragcRkénlkçxNçkargareFIVenAeragcRkpÁt;pÁg;[ Mike Cag 800 enAbNþa
RbeTscMnYn51 cat;taMgBIqñaM1998 dl;2005 karsikSamYy)anrkeXIjfakarRtÜtBinitüelIkarGnuelam
eTAtamRkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμEtmYyGacpþl;[lT§pltictYc eBlEdlkarRtÜtBinitü)anrYmpSMCamYynwgskmμ
PaBEdleFVIeLIgedayGñkpÁt;pÁg;edIm,IeRKagTukkargarrbs;xøÜn[kan;Etl¥nig EkécñKuNPaB nigsmtßPaBlkçxNÐ
kargarRtÚv)anbgðajfamanPaBRbesIreLIg. Locke, Qin & Brause, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx12 Edl)an
bgðajenAxagelI/ BITMB½rTI3dl;TMB½rTI23. eyageTAtam Locke, Qin nig Brause GVIEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;
Eklm¥lkçxNçkargar nigGnuvtþsiT§ikargarCaskl[manRbsiT§PaB KWviFisa®sþCalkçN³RbB½n§mYuyEdlrYmpSM
edaysm<aF ¬mkBIrdæ/ shCIB/ b¤GgÁkarxagsiT§ikargar¦BIxageRkA¬CamYynwgplb:HBal; Edlman\T§iBlxøaMg
esμIKñab:uEnþlkçN³xusKña¦CamYyRbB½n§BinitütamdanTUlMTUlay nigmantmøaPaBCamYynwgRbB½n§RKb;RKgGnþraKmn_
CaeRcInRbwgERbgkat;bnßymUlehtuCacm,génl½kçx½NçkargarminsUvl¥. dUcxagelI/ TMB½rTI4.
78 Anner, Bair & Blasi, sUmemIlkMNt;cMNaMelx52/ TMB½r 5.
79 Id., TMB½r1.
80 Id., TMB½r5-10.
20 |
vijRbeTsEdleKarBsiT§irbs;kmμkreRcIn EbrCaRtÚvrkeXIjfacMENkénkarnaMsemøókbMBak;
eTAshrdæGaemrikrbs;xøÜnmankarcuHGn;fy.81
Anner, Bair, nig Blasi )anCECkKaMRTfa karCab;Tak;TgKñaTaMgenH KWRsbeTAtamRTwsþI
rbs;eKEdl)anelIkeLIgfa {kic©xitxMRbwgERbgNamYyEdlmanry³eBlyUr sRmab;edaH
RsaybBaðakarrMelaPbMBanelIsiT§ikmμkrenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;semøókbMBak;Caskl RtÚvEt
cab;epþImedaHRsaynUvkarb:HBal;KñaeTAvijeTAmkrvagGñkTij nigGñklk; Tak;Tinnwgtémø k¾dUcCa
tRmÚvkary:agTUlMTUlaysRmab;GñkTijkñúgkarTTYlykTMnYlxusRtÚveRcInCagmun cMeBaHry³
eBl niglkçxNçkargarenAkñúgeragcRkpÁt;pÁg;.}82
RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitü
nwgminseRmc)aneRcIn RbsinebIninñakaEdkQμÜjlk;TijsemøókbMBak;kñúgtémøTabenAEt
bnþr.83
TaMgGñkTij nigGñklk; nwgRtÚvEckrMElkelIkarcMNaykñúgkarGnuelameTAtam
bTdæankargarCati nigGnþrCatirYmTaMgRkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ.84
b:uEnþ karEckrMElkénkar
cMNayenHGaceFVIeLIgy:agdUcemþc? Anner, Bair nig Blasi bBa¢ak;facemøIysRmab;sMNYr
enHGacrkeXIj)anenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal Jobbers agreements EdlRtÚv)ancrca
rvagkmμkr GñkpÁt;pÁg; nigGñkTij. kic©RBmeRBógEbbenH {naM[mansißrPaBeTAdl;TMnak;
TMngénkic©snüabnþenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrkñúgRsuk nigCYyCaRbeyaCn_kñúgkarbM)at;kareRbI
R)as;kmμkrnieyaCit[eFVIkarhYsRbmaN.}85
kñúgGMLúgstvtSr_TI20 kic©RBmeRBógQμÜykNþal KWCaktþaCMruj[mankarEklm¥d¾
Gs©arümYYyTak;TinR)ak;QμÜl niglkçxNçkargarsRmab;kmμkreragcRkkat;edrenAshrdæGaem
rik.86
shCIBkmμkarnIkat;edrGnþrCati (The International Ladies Garments Workers Union)
)anbegáItkarcrcaGnusBaØarYm edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkmμkrRtÚv)aneRbI[eFVIkarF¶n; nig
TTYl)anR)ak;Extickñúg ]sSahkmμkat;edrenAkñúgTIRkúgjÚvy:k Edlcab;epþImmanekr×þeQμaH
minl¥ bnÞab;BImaneRKaHGKÁIP½ykalBIqñaM1911 enAeragcRkmYymaneQμaH Traingle Shirtwaist
eFVI[kmμkrcMnYn146nak;)ansøab;.
81 Id. 82 Id., TMB½r 10.
83 Id. 84 Id. 85 Id. 86 Id.
21 |
munnwgmankic©RBmeRBógenH QμÜykNþal ¬CaRbePTshRKasmYyEdlécñ niglk;
semøókbMBak; b:uEnþminEmnCaGñkplitRkNat;¦eFVIkic©snüabnþCamYynwghagÉkCnedIm,Iplit
semøókbMBak;EdlxøÜn)anécñm:Ut niglk;enAelITIpSar.87
kareFVIkic©snüabnþsRmab;plitkmμ
Gac[QμÜykNþaleKcevHkaredaHRsayedaypÞal;CamYykmμkrnieyaCit.88
b:uEnþ shCIB
kmμkarnIkat;edrGnþrCati )aneFIVkarTTUccg;)annUvkarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHlkçxNçkargar enAkñúg
hagÉkCnrbs;QμÜjkNþal edayTMnYlxusRtÚvenHminRtÚvFøak;eTAelIGñkem:Akar EdlCYl
kmμkreragcRkkat;edrEtmñak;ÉgenaHeT.89
edIm,I[QμÜjkNþalTTYlykTMnYlxusRtÚvenH
shCIBkmμkarnIkat;edrGnþrCati)ancab;epþImkic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal. PaKIEdl)aneFIVkic©
RBmeRBógmandUcCa shCIB ¬tMNag[plRbeyaCn_rbs;kmμkrnieyaCiteragcRk¦ nig
QμÜjkNþal.90
eyageTAtam Anner, Bair nig Blasi kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal
{naM[mansißrPaBeTAdl;TMnak;TMngénkic©snüabnþenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrkñúgRsuk nigCYyCa
RbeyaCn_kñúgkarbM)at;ecalnUveragcRkEdleRbIkmμkr[eFIVkarF¶n;F¶r b:uEnþTTYl)anR)ak;Extic
enAkñúgtMbn;EdlkmμkrRtÚv)anerobcM.}91
kic©RBmeRBógQμÜykNþalkøayeTACabTdæanenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edr nig {edIrtYnaTI
y:agsMxan; EdlminGacGt;)anenAkñúgRbB½n§ EdlCYnkalRtÚv)anehAfakarcrcaCaGnusBaØa
RtIekaNrYm} edaysarvamanEpñktamlkçN³bec©keTs° kmμkrRtÚv)antMNagedayshCIB
Gñkem:AkarEdlCYlkmμkrpÞal; nigQμÜjkNþalEdlGñkmanGMNacCageKenAkñúgvis½yenH.92
kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal nig {karcrcarCaGnusBaØarYmRtIekaN} CYy[mansißrPaB nig
kat;bnßykarrMelaPbMBankñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrGs;ry³CaeRcInTsvtSr_mkehIy nigsuBl
PaBrbs;vaRtÚv)anrkSaTukenAkñúgc,ab;shB½n§ EdlCa]bkrN_d¾manRbsiT§iPaBmYyRbqaMgnwg
eragcRk EdleRbIkmμkreFVIkarF¶n;F¶r b:uEnþpþl;R)ak;kéRmTab.93
kic©RBmeRBógTaMgGs;enHTb;
87 Id., TMB½r 11.
88 Id. 89 Id. 90 Id., TMB½r12.
91 Id., TMB½r10.
92 Id., TMB½r13-14.
93 Id., TMB½r14-15.
22 |
sáat;\T§iBlrbs;GtifiCn tamry³ TImYy Fanafa shRKasEdlnaMmuxbg;éfø[Gñkem:AkarnUv
témøsmrmü/ TIBIr rkSafirPaBnigRKb;RKgTMnak;TMngenAkñúgkic©snüabnþtamry³pøÚvc,ab; nigTIbI
eFIV[shRKasEdlnaMmuxTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHtémøBlkmμmYycMnYn.94
karRbkYtRbECgkñúgcMeNamGñkem:AkarelIR)ak;QμÜlRtÚv)anTb;sáat; BIeRBaHshCIB
kmμkr nigQμÜj)ancrcayl;RBmelIkic©RBmeRBógenHedaypÞal;.95
kmμkrRtÚv)anFanafa
nwgTTYl)anR)ak;QμÜlc,as;las; nigeFVIkarkñúgcMnYnem:agEdl)ankMNt;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBóg
eday\tKitGMBIfaetIQμÜlkNþalNaCYleKenaHeT.96
ehtudUecñH Gñkem:AkarminGacRbkYt
RbECgCamYyKñaedIm,IeFVICMnYjCamYyQμÜjkNþal Edl[témøplitplefak edaysarEtkéRm
BlkmμTab b¤lkçxNçkargar. karRbkYtRbECgEbbenHnwgGac {eFVIeTA)anedayEp¥kelI
PaBxusKñaénKuNPaB nigRbsiT§iPaBCamUldæankñúgcMeNamGñkem:Akar.}97
eKalkarN_dEdlkñúgkareFVi[kic©RBmeRBógénQμÜjkNþal manRbsiT§PaBenAshrdæ
GaemrikGacykeTAGnuvtþ)anenAkñúgbribTénExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl.98
b:uEnþ bBaðamYycMnYn
k¾GacekIteLIg)an. kñúgry³eBl30qñaMcugeRkayenH karekIneLIgénsakPavUbnIykmμkñúg
]sSahkmμ)anEkERbRbBn§½y:agxøaMg.99
sBVéf¶ QμÜjkNþalenAshrdæGaemrik)andak;bBa¢a
[eragcRkÉkCnenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ GnuBaØat[kareFVICMnYjrbs;eKrYcputBIbTdæankargar
shrdæGaemrik nigkarcrcaCaGnusBaØaRtIekaN EdlBImunmk)aneFVI[GñkvinieyaKTunTaMg
Gs;enaHTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHlkçxNçkargarenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Caskl.100
enAeBlEdl
man ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgBIQμÜjlk;rayBüayamGnuvtþkmμviFI EdlTamTar[Gñkem:Akarpþl;
R)ak;QμÜlsmrmü niglkçxNçkargarsmrmüsRmab;kmμkr ¬rYmTaMgbg;R)ak;RKb;RKan;eTAQμÜj
94 Id., TMB½r1.
95 Id., TMB½r17.
96 Id., TMB½r18.
97 Id. 98 Id., TMB½r1.
99 Id., TMB½r16.
100 Id.
23 |
kNþalrbs;xøÜnedIm,I[eFVIvaGacekIteLIg)an¦101
shRKasTaMgenHEtgEtCYbkarBi)akkñúgkar
rkSaTItaMgrbs;xøÜnedIm,IRbkYtRbECg nigEtTTYl)anR)ak;cMenj BIeRBaHshRKasTaMgenH
kMBugRbECgCamYyshRKasdéTeTotEdlmins½μRKcitþGnuvtþtamrebobeFIVGaCIvkmμdUcKña.102
kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþalFøab;)anFanafa GñkTijy:agehacTTYlykplcMNaykñúgkarFana
[)anR)ak;Ex niglkçxNçkargarsmrmüenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;rbs;xøÜn.103
b:uEnþnaeBl
bc©úb,nñenH karcMNayEbbenHminmanenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógrvagGñkTij nigGñkpÁt;pÁg;enAkñúg
]sSahkmμsemøókbMBak;.104
karGnuvtþkic©RBmeRBógQμÜykNþalsRmab;kmμkrenA RbeTs
bg;køaeds nigRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_d¾éTeTot nwgtRmÚv[mankRmit]sSahkmμFMTUlMTUlay
mYy Edlpþl;R)ak;kéRmBlkmμsmrmü.105
kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal)anRKb;RKg nigeFIV[TMnak;TMngrvagGñkTij nigGñkem:Akarman
sißrPaB edaymankarrYmbBa©ÚlRbkary:aglm¥itsRmab;elIkkm<s;TMnak;TMngd¾yUrGEgVgrvag
Gñklk;nigGñkem:Akar rYmTaMgbgáakMu[GñkTijpøas;bþÚrGñkem:Akar edIm,IFana[)anTTYl)anR)ak;
cMeNjkñúgry³eBlxøI.106
rebobénkarpÁt;pÁg;edIm,IEsVgrk vaytémø nigcUlrYmpÁt;pÁg;TMnij
nigesvakmμenAkñúg]sSahkmμkat;edrnaeBlbc©úb,nñKWxusKñay:agxøaMg eRBaHfasBVéf¶GñkTij
)anEckcajplitplrbs;xøÜnenAelITItaMgCaeRcInBaseBjBiPBelak nigkarebþCaJcitþrbs;
GñkTijCaTUeTAmanry³eBlxøI.107
etIehtuGVI)anCakarGnuvtþEbbenHminGnuelamtambTdæan
kargar. Anner, Bair nig Blasi )anelIkeLIgfa°
enAeBlEdlkarebþCJarbs;GñkTijeTAkan;GñkpÁt;pÁg; minhYsBIbTbBa¢aEdleTIbEtdak;fμI
ehIyenAeBlCamYyKñaEdr GñkTijGaceRCIserIskñúgcMeNameragcRkpÁt;pÁg;d¾eRcIn
elIslb; sRmab;eFIVkarseRmcelIkarpÁt;pÁg;elIkeRkaylT§plTMngGacnwgekIteLIg
KWPaBGsnþisuxxagEpñkGñkpÁt;pÁg; EdlGñkTijGacb:unb:geRbIR)as;luykm©IedIm,IeFVI
101 Id., TMB½r18-20/ sRmab;karBiPakSaGMBI Knights Apparel kñúgkarGnuvtþFatupSMy:agsMxan;én Designated
Suppliers Program .
102 Id., TMB½r20.
103 Id., TMB½r22.
104 Id. 105 Id. 106 Id., TMB½r24; sUmemIl id., TMB½r23-24, sRmab;]TahrN_énbTdæanEbbenH.
107 Id., TMB½r25-26.
24 |
sm,Tan dUcCary³eBlénkarplitmanry³eBlxøI nigtémøTabCag naM[lkçxNçkargar
kan;EtmansPaBy:ab;yWn nigkarrMelaPbMBanelIsiTi§kmμkrnieyaCit.108
sBVéf¶enH kic©RBmeRBógelIEpñkplitkmμry³eBlEvg rYmCamYytémøsmrmü nigR)ak;
QμÜlRbkbedaysþg;dar Gacpþl;[Gñkem:AkarnUvkarelIkTwkcitþ nigsmtßPaB ktþaTaMgBIrenHGac
Fana[mankareKarBbTdæankargar.109
enATIbMput kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþalBImun )aneFVI[GñkTij ¬minRKan;EtGñkem:Akar¦
TTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHkarcMNayelIBlkmμrbs;kmμkrnieyaCit. naeBlbc©úb,nñ kñúgRbeTskMBug
GPivDÆn_ vaminEmnCaerOgGIVmYyEdlxusBIFmμtaenaHeT eBlEdlGñkem:AkarQb;eFVIGaCIv
kmμPøam² xN³eBlEdlkMBugCMBak;R)ak;ExkmμkrnieyaCitrhUtdl;eTAry³eBlmYyqñaM ehIy
eFVI[kmμkrminmanR)ak;cMNUlTal;EtesaH.110
enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBógénQμÜjkNþal bBaða
EbbenHminGacekIteLIgeT BIeRBaHshCIBCaGñkRKb;RKgKNnIsnSM Edlpþl;edayQμÜj
kNþalsRmab;R)ak;esaFn/ karEfrkSa/ suxPaB nigvisSmkaleTAdl;kmμkr.111
KNnI
TaMgenHenAEtGacrkSaTuk)an eTaHbICakmμkrpøas;bþÚrkargar nigTTYl)anmUlniFiy:ageBjelj
xN³eBlEdlEdlGñkem:AkarQb;eFVIGaCIvkmμ nigkmμkr)at;bg;kargarrbs;xøÜn b¤pøas;Gñkem:A
karfμIk¾eday.112
GñkKaMRTc,ab;kargar)anesñIsMu[mankarbegáItmUlniFidUcKñaenH enAkñúgRbeTs
EdlnaMecjsemøøókbMBak;eRcInCageK kñúgTRmg;CakarTTYlxusRtÚvEpñksgÁmrbs;saCIvkmμ
b:uEnþKμanQμÚjlk;ray b¤rdæaPi)alNa)anseRmccitþGnuvtþenaHeT.113
naeBlbcÞúb,nñ kar
begáItmUlniFiEbbenHGaceFVI[GñkTijRtÚvcMNayx<s;elIplitkmμ EdleKKμanqnÞ³kñúgkarTTYl
yk.114
108 Id., TMB½r26.
109 Id., TMB½r27.
110 Id. 111 Id., TMB½r 27-28.
112 Id., TMB½r 28.
113 Id. emIl id., Tak;TgnwgRbBn§½EdlGaceRbóbeFob dUcCaRbBn§½ FGTS enARbeTseRbsIul.
114 Id.
25 |
dMeNaHRsaycMeBaHbBaðaminGnuelameTAtamc,ab;kargar enAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;Ca
skl TamTarRbB½n§mYy EdlTTYlsÁal;BItYnaTIy:agsMxan;énGñkTij enAkñúgkareRCIserIsbT
dæan niglkçxNçkargarsRmab;kmμkrEdlenAEpñkxageRkaménExSsgVak;enH.115
enAeBlmYy
kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþal BitCamansarsMxan; edayminRtwmEtTTYlsÁal;tYnaTIy:agsMxan;
rbs;GñkTijEt b:uEnþ)anbgçM[GñkTijTTYlykkarcMNayx<s;elIplitkmμEdlRtÚvkaredIm,I
Fana[)anR)ak;QμÜlsmrmü nigbTdæankargar.116
eTaHbICakarpøas;bþÚrlkçN³ nigskl
PavUbnIykmμén]sSahkmμkat;edr GacbgáarkMu[kic©RBmeRBógQμÜjkNþalCaRbéBNIekIteLIg
sarCafμIenARbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ naeBlbc©úb,nñ kmμkrnieyaCitenAEtTTYlrgeRKaHedaykar
rMelaPbMBan EdltRmÚv[rdæaPi)alénRbeTsGPivDÆn_ QμÜjkNþal nigGñkTiijmankatBV
kic©karBar nigelIkkm<s;karGnuvtþbTdæankargar nigkareKarBsiT§ikmμkrnieyaCit.
6> esckI þsni ñd æan
kñúgkareqøIytbeTAkan;RkúmGñkRbqaMgnwgeragcRkeRbIR)as;kmμkreFVIkarF¶n;F¶r )anpus
eLIgenABak;kNþalstvtSr_TI90 GñkCMnajxagEpñkesdækic© pUl køÚEmn (Paul Krugman)
)anpþl;nUvKMnitxageRkamenHRbEhl15qñaMmun°
KMnitRbkbedaysIlFm’d¾x<g;x<s;énGñkRbqaMgnwgsklPavUbnIykmμGaceFVIeTA)an
luHRtaEteKeRCIserIsminKitKUrBIsßanPaBCMhr[)anc,as;las;. enAeBlEdl
CnGtμaniym nigmUlFnGacnwgTTYlplRbeyaCn_BIsklPavUbnIykmμ b:uEnþ Gñk
TTYlpleRcInCageKEbbCakmμkrenARbeTselakTIbI. GñkGacniyay)anfaGñk
TITal;RkenAelIelakenHminKYrbgçM[eFIVCakmμkr EdleFVIkargarF¶n;nigKμantémø b¤Gñk
edrEs,keCIgsRmab;GñkmanRTBüFn. b:uEnþGIVeTAGacykmkCMnYs)an? etICMnYy
breTscaM)ac;sRmab;CYyGñkTITal;RkeT? RbEhlCaGacEdr fVIebI kMNt;Rta
Rbvtiþsa®sþdUcCaPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTsGIutalI)anbgðajfa CMnYyEbbenHnaM[Gñk
RkBwgBak;GñkdéTCaerogrhUt. y:agNak¾eday karrMBwgTukénsarsMxan;rbs;BI
breTsCMnYymin)anekIteLIgedayEdlGIVcg;)an. etIrdæaPi)alrbs;eKKYrEtpþl;
yutþiFm’kñúgsgÁmeRcInCagmunEdrb¤eT? etIGñkRkIRkTaMgenaHnwgmineFVIGVI eTaHbICa
rdæaPi)aleFVIk¾mineFVI edaysarEteyIgTaMgGs;KñaminR)ab;[eFVI. drabNaGñk
115 Id., TMB½r 30.
116 Id.
26 |
minmanCeRmIsepSg EdlmanPaBR)akdRbCa edIm,ICMnYs]sSahkmμEp¥kelIR)ak;
QμÜlTab karRbqaMgenHmann½yfa eyIgsμR½KcitþminRBm[RbCaCnRkIRknUv
»kasd¾l¥bMput cMeBaHdMeNIrkarCaRbeyaCn_eq<aHeTAkan;bTdæan EdlKYrCaTIKab;citþ
mYyenaHehIy enHCakarBitmYyEdlGñkmincUlcitþnUvKMnitEdlfakmμkrRtÚv)aTTYl
R)ak;y:agtictYcsRmab;karpÁt;pÁg;elakxaglicnUvsmÖar³TMenIb.117
esckþIEføgkarN_Cab;Tak;TgCamYybBaðakMBugBiPakSamYyenHeFVIeLIgeday GñkCMnaj
xagEpñkesdækic© Krugman eTaHCaGñkGanyl;fa karbkRsayenHmanPaBbiunRbsb;xag
EpñkhirBaØvtßú b¤xussIlFm’k¾eday lT§PaBénCeRmIsmYyEdlmanlkçN³R)akdRbCaedImI,
CMnYs]sSahkmμR)ak;QμÜlTabenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_enAEtebIkcMh. dMeNaHRsayd¾
R)akdRbCaenAEtminTan;mansRmab;bBaðaGsniþsux niglkçxNçkargarminsmRsb Rbsin
ebIKμankarEkERbkMhuskñúgkarKit nigskmμPaBrbs;raCrdæaPi)al Rkúmh‘un RBmTaMg GtifiCn
TUTaMgBiPBelak. b:uEnþviFIsa®sþmYycMnYn Edl)anBiPakSaenAkñúgGtßbTk¾)anpþl;nUv ]TahrN_
BIrebobénkarGnuelameTAtambTdæankargar nigsiT§rbs;kmμkrnieyaCit Edly:agehac
Nas;RtÚv)anGnuvtþ[RbesIrCagmun nigkarBarenATUTaMgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_. lkçN³
sm,tiþTaMgmUlén]sSahkmμenHnwgminpøas;bþÚr edayRKan;EtEp¥kelIkic©RBmeRBógBaNiC¢kmμ
b¤RkmRbtibtiþsaCIvkmμ b:uEnþGIVTaMgBIrenHenAEtedIrtYnaTIy:agsMxan;kñúgkarFanafasiT§ nigsuvtßi
PaBrbs;kmμkrnieyaCitenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ nwgRtÚv)ankarBarenAkñúgsklPavUbnIy
kmμkMBugEtekIneLIg nigkarRbkYtRbECgesdækic©.
edIm,IFana[)anfasklPavUbnIykmμ nigbTdæankargarrIkceRmInTnÞwmKña viFIsa®sþcRmúH
KWtRmÚv[man.118
viFIsa®sþEdlEp¥kelICMnYjGacnwgCYy[mankarepþatGarmμN_eTAelIbBaða
Blkmμ nigCYyCMrujédKUBaNiC¢kmμeFIVkarEkTRmg; CaBiessenAeBlEdlkmμviFIelIkTwk
citþedIm,ITak;TajkareFVICMnYjRtÚv)anpþl;[ kñúgkarpøas;bþÚrsRmab;karGnuelamtambTdæan.
117 Paul Krugman, In Praise of Cheap Labor: Bad Jobs at Bad Wages Are Better Than No Jobs At All, SLATE
¬éf¶TI21 ExmIna qñaM1997¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_dismal_science
/1997/03/in_praise_of_cheap_labor.html. 118 Kimberly Ann Elliot, Trading Up: Labor Standards, Development and CAFT, 3:2 Center for Global
Development 7 ¬Ex]sPa qñaM2004¦ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/2849_
file_CGD_brief_May04_CRAblue2.pdf
27 |
tYnaTIrbs;GgÁkareRkAraCrdæaPi)al nigGgÁkarBlkmμBiPBelakmansarsMxan;kñúgkarpþl;kar
Gb;rM/ karRtÜtBinitü/ CMnYjxagEpñkbec©keTs nigsmtßPaBksagtamry³kmμviFIEdl
rdæaPi)al nigshRKasminGac b¤mins½μRKcitþGnuvtþ. TMnYlxusRtÚvrbs;saCIvkmμ nigbT
bBaØtþipÞal;xøÜntamry³RkmsaCIvkmμ nigkarRtÜtBinitüGacnwgbnþmanRbsiT§PaB RbsinebIeFVI
eLIgCamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;edaytmøaPaB nigshkarKña ehIyRbsinebIQμÜjlk;raycab;epþImyl;
fa kardak;BakübNþwgBIbTdæankargar KWCaplRbeyaCn_esdækic©d¾l¥bMput sRmab;GñkenAEpñk
xageRkam k¾dUcCaGñkenAelIeKbg¥s;enAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg;skl.119
dMeNaHRsayd¾R)akd
RbCacMeBaHbBaðaGacnwgekItmaneLIg)anEtb:ueNÑaH enAkñúgkrNIEdlmankarpøas;bþÚr y:agxøaMg
ekIteLIgenAkñúglkçN³énkarTMnak;TMngeTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgExSsgVak;pÁt;pÁg; nigsm<aFelItémø
RtÚv)anpøas;BIGñkpÁt;pÁg;eTAGñkTij. dUecñHGñkTijTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHlkçxNçénkmøaMgBlkmμ
rbs;BYkeK nigTTYlykkarcMNayepSg²elItémøBlkmμ. enAeBl sklPavUbnIykmμkan;
EtekIneLIg nigkarRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½yesdækic©Gacpþl;RbeyaCn_eTAkmμkrsRmab;RbeTs
kMBugGPivDÆn_ vak¾eFIV[kmμkrRbQmmuxnwgeRKaHfñak; nigkarekgRbv½Ba©BIraCrdæaPi)alenA
RbeTsGPivDÆn_ QμÜjlk;ray nigGñkeRbIR)as;RtÚvmanParkic©kñúgkarkarBar tamry³GIV
TaMgenH nigmeFüa)ayénkarCYyse®gÁaHdéTeTot.
119 Richard Feinberg, Tamar Benzaken Koosed, Carlued Leon & Terry Nelidov, cMNgeCIg Creating an
Enabling Environment for Responsible Labor Practices: Experience in Costa Rica and El Salvador, Better
Work Research Conference, TMB½r2 ¬Exmifuna qñaM2011¦/ manenAelIeKhTMB½r http://betterwork.com/
global/wp-content/uploads/Session-9-Creating-an-Enabling-Environment-for-Responsible-Labor-Practicesl. pdf.