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FingerprinFingerprintsts
Chapter 14Criminalistics
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History of History of FingerprintingFingerprinting
– First systematic attempt at personal identification•Alphonse Bertillon in 1883
– Anthropometry: system of precise body measurements
• Included detailed descriptions of the subject
• Full-length and profile photographs• Accuracy of measurements were
disproved by the William West Case
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History of FingerprintingHistory of Fingerprinting
• Francis Galton– 1892: Published Finger Prints
• Described the anatomy of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them
• Acknowledged that no two prints are alike and do not change throughout a lifetime
• Three pattern types– Loops, Arches, and Whorls
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Fundamental Principles of Fundamental Principles of FingerprintsFingerprints
• First Principle– A fingerprint is an individual characteristic.
No two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics
– Individuality of a fingerprint is not determined by its general shape or pattern but by careful study of ridge characteristics or minutiae
• Examples: bifurcation, enclosures, islands, ridge endings, short ridges, ridge crossings, deltas
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Figure 14-1
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Figure 14-2
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Fundamental Principles of Fundamental Principles of FingerprintsFingerprints
• Second Principle– Fingerprints have been designed by nature to
increase grasp and to resist slippage and are formed in the fetal stage of development.
– Fingerprints are formed by:•Hills (Ridges): raised portions of the
epidermis•Valleys (Grooves): lowered portions of
the epidermis•IT IS THE RIDGES THAT ARE INKED
WHEN FINGERPRINTS ARE TAKEN
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How are Fingerprints How are Fingerprints Formed?Formed?
• The Dermal Papillae is the boundary between the epidermis (outer skin) and the dermis (inner skin).
• The shape of this boundary is wavy. This wave pattern determines the pattern of the fingerprint and remains unchanged throughout your lifetime.
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Leaving Your MarkLeaving Your Mark• Skin ridges have a single row of
pores that open from the sweat glands.
• Perspiration is discharged through the pores and oils from the body collect in the ridges and valleys.
• Impressions from the fingertips are transferred onto a surface, leaving a fingerprint.– Latent fingerprints are deposited in this
manner and cannot be seen with the naked eye.
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Fundamental Principles of Fundamental Principles of FingerprintsFingerprints
• Third Principle
– Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to systematically classified.
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Taking FingerprintsTaking Fingerprints• Fingers are rolled in ink left-to-
right, careful not to adhere too much ink to the fingertips
• The fingertips are then rolled left-to-right on a Ten-Print Card in the appropriate place for each finger
• A straight down print is then taken for each of the four fingers simultaneously and for each thumb and recorded on the Ten-Print Card
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This is the original
Ten-Print Card of
Rosa Parks after the
Montgomery Bus
Boycott
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ThreeThree Classes of Fingerprints Classes of Fingerprints
• Loops, Whorls, and Arches
– Loops: 65% of world’s population– Whorls: 30-35% of world’s population– Arches: 5% of world’s population
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LoopLoop Patterns Patterns
• One or more ridges entering from one side of the print, recurving, and exiting from the same side
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Types of Loop PatternsTypes of Loop Patterns• Ulnar Loop: loop opens toward
little finger• Radial Loop: loop opens toward
the thumb– Type Lines: pattern area of the loop
surrounded by two diverging ridges– Delta: the point directly in front of the
diverging ridges—loops MUST have at least one delta
– Core: the center of pattern
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Types of Types of WhorlWhorl Patterns Patterns
• Four types of patterns– Plain Whorl– Central Pocket Loop Whorl– Double Loop Whorl– Accidental Whorl
All whorl patterns must have type lines and a MINIMUM of two deltas.
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Types of Whorl PatternsTypes of Whorl Patterns
• Plain and Central Pocket Loops
– Plain whorl and central pocket loops have AT LEAST one ridge that makes a complete circuit
– Ridge may be a spiral, oval, or any variant of a circle
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Types of Whorl PatternsTypes of Whorl Patterns
• Plain Whorl: an imaginary line is drawn between TWO deltas and the spiral is crossed
• Central Pocket Loop: spiral is not crossed when imaginary line is drawn
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Types of Whorl PatternsTypes of Whorl Patterns
• Double Loop: has two loops in one fingerprint
• Accidental Loop: has two or more patterns or is not classified into any other category
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Types of Whorl PatternsTypes of Whorl Patterns
Figure 14-6
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ArchArch Patterns Patterns
• Plain arch: ridges entering one side of the fingerprint and exiting the other side
• Tented arch: this pattern rises sharply in the center
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Arch PatternsArch Patterns
Figure 14-7
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Classification of FingerprintsClassification of Fingerprints
• Original System: Henry System– Developed by Scotland Yard in 1901– Converted ridge patterns on all 10
fingers into a series of letters and numbers arranged into a fraction
– Problem: could only classify fingerprints up to 100,000 files
– Evolved into the FBI System of Fingerprint Classification
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FBI SystemFBI System
• Primary System of Classification based on the Henry System
• All fingerprints in the world can be classified into 1,024 groups
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How the How the FBI System FBI System WorksWorks
• Fingers are given numbers based on whorl patterns being present on each finger
R. Index R. Ring L. Thumb L. Middle L. Little 1 R. Thumb R. Middle R. Little L. Index L. Ring 1
16 8 4 2 0 Whorl
Values
Zeros are assigned for loops and archesFraction gives individualized result for each person
++ ++ +
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Problems with Problems with FBI FBI SystemSystem
• 25% of population falls into the 1/1 category
• Only useful when all 10 prints are available
• Cumbersome and Time Consuming to look through cards
• Often only one or two prints found at a crime scene
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AFISAFIS
• Automated Fingerprint Identification System
• Computer-scans and digitally encodes fingerprints based on minutiae of ridge endings and bifurications
• List of prints is generated then a fingerprint examiner confirms match
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Benefits of Benefits of AFISAFIS
• Computer can make thousands of accurate fingerprint comparisons in a second
• Can filter out imperfections in latent prints found at a crime scene
• Suspect lists are generated faster and investigators can spend more time focusing on suspects
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A Typical AFIS Matching Screen
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Types of Crime Scene Types of Crime Scene PrintsPrints
• Three Types:– Visible Prints– Plastic Prints– Latent (Invisible) Prints
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Visible PrintsVisible Prints
• Can be seen with the naked eye
• Made by fingers touching a surface after ridges have been in contact with a colored material such as blood, paint, grease, ink, etc.
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PlasticPlastic Prints Prints
• Can be seen with the naked eye• Made by ridge impressions left on
a soft material such as putty, wax, soap, dust, wet paint surfaces, etc.
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LatentLatent Prints Prints
• Cannot be seen with the naked eye• Made by impressions caused by
transfer of body perspiration or oils present on finger ridges to the surface of an object
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Detection of PrintsDetection of Prints
• Latent prints must be developed (found) through different methods
• The method used is dependent on the surface being examined
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Surface ConditionsSurface Conditions
• Hard, nonabsorbent surfaces (glass, mirrors, tile, painted wood): Powders or SuperGlue Fuming
• Absorbent surfaces (paper, cardboard, cloth): One or more specific chemicals
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Fingerprint PowdersFingerprint Powders• Non-absorbent surfaces only• Applied with a camel’s hair or
fiberglass brush• Color of powder chosen contrasts with
surface color• Powder adheres to oils and
perspiration left by ridges• Print can be lifted off the surface and
preserved
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Iodine FumingIodine Fuming• Oldest chemical method for developing
latent prints• Iodine is a solid crystal that, when
heated, is transformed into a gas through sublimation
• Material is placed in a chamber and iodine is heated and latent prints are revealed
• Iodine prints are not permanent and must be photographed immediately or fixed with starch solution, which can last about 1 month
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NinhydrinNinhydrin
• Chemical used to develop prints on porous material by reacting with amino acids in perspiration
• Developed prints appear purple-blue in color
• Prints appear within an hour or two and fully developed in 24-48 hours
• Commonly used on paper products
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Latent Prints recovered on paper with Ninhydrin
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Physical DeveloperPhysical Developer• Silver-nitrate based chemical• Useful for detecting prints that
cannot be found by other methods or on objects that have been wet at one time
• Application of Physical Developer washes away any protein that may be present and MUST be used last
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SuperGlueSuperGlue Fuming Fuming• Used on nonporous surfaces such as
metal, electrical tape, leather, and plastic bags
• Active ingredient: cyanoacrylate ester• Evidence is placed in a fuming
chamber and the cyanoacrylate is heated and covers the object and produces a white latent print
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Flashlight battery exposed to SuperGlue Fuming
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Laser LightLaser Light
• Perspiration contains a variety of components that fluoresce when illuminated by laser light
• Because of the fluorescence, latent prints can be seen with the naked eye
• Almost never used anymore with the invention of alternate light source latent print examination
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Alternate Light SourceAlternate Light Source• Works because perspiration
fluoresces under different wavelengths of light
• Can adjust the wavelength of light to be aimed through a fiber optic cable
• More commercially available than laser light setups
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Alternative Light Source being used to detect latent prints
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Preservation of PrintsPreservation of Prints
• Common fingerprint methods do not interfere with further DNA analysis
• However, when biological material remains, fingerprints should be developed at the crime lab instead of at a crime scene
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Preservation of PrintsPreservation of Prints
• After prints have been found, photos must be taken
• If object is small enough to be transported without destroying the print, it should be preserved intact
• Cellophane should cover the print to protect from damage
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Preservation of PrintsPreservation of Prints
• Prints on immovable objects should be lifted
• Lifted prints should be preserved on a card that provides contrast