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Firework Displays & SafetyFirework Displays & Safety
Dave WhiteDave White
Tony WilkinsonTony Wilkinson
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Just common sense innit?Just common sense innit?
• Assessing Risk
• Regulations
• Knowledge of the subject
• “Morbid Imagination”
Before we move on…Before we move on…
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Lack of common sense!Lack of common sense!
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Today’s TopicsToday’s Topics
• Regulations etc.
• Black Powder (gunpowder)
• Deflagration
• Firework Types
• Estimating Risk
• Planning an event
• Firing a show
• Demonstrations
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Regulations etc.Regulations etc.Categories of Firework (BS7114)Categories of Firework (BS7114)
• Category 1 ("indoor") – fireworks are for use in extremely restricted areas.
• Category 2 ("garden") – fireworks are for use by the public in their gardens.
Safely viewable from 5m, no debris beyond 3m.
• Category 3 ("display") – fireworks are for use by the public in larger displays.
Safely viewable from 25m, no debris beyond 20m.
• Category 4 ("professional") – for sale only to fireworks professionals. They have few
restrictions, default category for untested fireworks
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Regulations etc.Regulations etc.UN Hazardous Materials – Class 1UN Hazardous Materials – Class 1
• 1.1 Mass Explosion Hazard
• 1.2 Nonmass explosion, fragment-producing
• 1.3 Mass fire, minor blast or fragment hazard
• 1.4 Moderate fire, no blast or fragment: a consumer firework is 1.4G or 1.4S
• 1.5 Explosive substance, very insensitive (with a mass explosion hazard)
• 1.6 Explosive article, extremely insensitive
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Regulations etc.Regulations etc.Firework Categories & ClassesFirework Categories & Classes
• Consumer Fireworks– Usually Cat.3
– 1.4G
• Display Fireworks– Usually Cat.4
– Mostly 1.3G
– Large shells now 1.1G– (ADR)
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Black Powder (Gunpowder)Black Powder (Gunpowder)IntroductionIntroduction
Used for:
• Propellant (small grain – e.g. Gun)
• Propellant (large grain – e.g. Rocket)
• Explosive (burst charge)
• Fuses, delays etc.
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Black PowderBlack PowderSolid GrainSolid Grain
SOLID GRAIN LIQUID GAS FLAMESOLID GRAIN LIQUID GAS FLAME
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Black Powder Black Powder Grain BurnGrain Burn
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Black Powder Black Powder DeflagrationDeflagration
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Black Powder Black Powder ConfinementConfinement
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Black Powder Black Powder Confinement Failure!Confinement Failure!
3,000 C3,000 C50,000psi50,000psi
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““Flash”Flash”
• Perchlorate and atomised Aluminium
• Loud reports
• “Hard Break” shells and rockets
• High Brisance
• ‘explodes’ with little confinement
• >10g = 1.1G
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Some types of FireworkSome types of Firework
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Firework: RocketFirework: RocketConstructionConstruction
StarsStars(with burst charge)(with burst charge)
BP GrainBP Grain
NozzleNozzle
Balance stickBalance stick
Launch tubeLaunch tube
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Firework: RocketFirework: RocketFailure modesFailure modes
Cracked Rocket MotorCracked Rocket Motor
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Firework: RocketFirework: RocketFailure modesFailure modes
““Groundburst”Groundburst”
Also…Also…
Failure to flyFailure to fly
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Firework: RocketFirework: RocketEffect of windEffect of wind
““CofG”CofG”
windwind windwind
Angling away from wind – Angling away from wind – make it worse!make it worse!
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Fireworks: GerbsFireworks: Gerbs“Fountains”“Fountains”
“Fountain with sparks”
Kimbolton 7lb Gerb
Solid or Solid or compressed compressed
graingrain
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Fireworks: CakesFireworks: Cakes“Multi-shot Battery”“Multi-shot Battery”
Crackle RedCrackle Red
Explosive (flash)Explosive (flash)
Red Flare (delay)Red Flare (delay)
Propellant (BP)Propellant (BP)
FuseFuse
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Fireworks: CakesFireworks: Cakes“Multi-shot Battery”“Multi-shot Battery”
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Fireworks: CandlesFireworks: Candles“Roman Candle”“Roman Candle”
Felt wadFelt wad
FuseFuse
DelayDelay
• Multi-shot
• 19mm – 65mm +
• Sidewall can fail
• Stake, Board or Box
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Fireworks: ShellsFireworks: ShellsIntroduction Introduction
• 3” , 4” and 5”
(75,100,125mm)
• 6” and up 1.1G
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Fireworks: ShellsFireworks: ShellsConstructionConstruction
~100m/sec ~100m/sec
~300mph!~300mph!
50m+ burst50m+ burst
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Fireworks: ShellsFireworks: ShellsFailure ModesFailure Modes
• No Lift (or zero delay)– “Flowerpot”– “detonation”
• Poor Lift– Low Break (going up)
• Long or failed delay– Low Break (coming down)– “Black Shell”
Causes: Malfunction, Jam, Loading errorCauses: Malfunction, Jam, Loading error
Rack Failure !Rack Failure !
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Fireworks: ShellsFireworks: ShellsCalculating DistancesCalculating Distances
• Rule of thumb:• 25m + 10m per shell inch
• Other Variables:• Mortar angle
• Wind speed & direction
• Shell spin
• Mortar type (esp. steel)
• Note:• Normal safety distances do NOT
account for disrupted racks4” Shell4” Shell
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Fireworks: ShellsFireworks: ShellsCalculating DistancesCalculating Distances
4” Shell – 100m burst diameter, burst at 6m, 230m from launch4” Shell – 100m burst diameter, burst at 6m, 230m from launch
Mortar fallen to 75 degrees from verticalMortar fallen to 75 degrees from vertical
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Fireworks: Fuse & IgnitersFireworks: Fuse & Igniters
• PIC Green / Brown
• WASAG
• Pipe Match (“green”)
• Electric matches (“dets”)
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PPEPPE
• Clothing
• Hard Hat
• Eye protection
• Ear protection (or not)
• Gloves (or not)
Don’t forget: Torch and Several lighters!Don’t forget: Torch and Several lighters!
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A Firework ShowA Firework ShowPlanning the EventPlanning the Event
• Site Visits• Safety Distances
• Roads, Buildings, Airports
• Responsibilities• Event Organiser
• Marshalling requirements
• Notification: Police, Fire, CAA
(and any other affected parties)
• Budget etc.• Method Statement• Risk Assessment
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A Firework ShowA Firework ShowPlanning the DisplayPlanning the Display
• Check material (if possible)
• Firing Order
• Equipment Requirements• Racks, boxes, boards etc.
• Material Preparation• Fusing
• Waterproofing
• Transport• ADR
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A Firework ShowA Firework ShowSite SetupSite Setup
• Event Organiser
• Safety Distances
• Wind Direction
• Perimeters and Marshalling
• Layout in firing order
• Site fusing / wiringSet PiecesSet Pieces
Small CakesSmall CakesCandlesCandles
Large CakesLarge CakesShellsShells
AudienceAudience
Drop ZoneDrop Zone
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A Firework ShowA Firework ShowSite SetupSite Setup
Driffield Showground – 24Driffield Showground – 24thth June 2006 June 2006
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A Firework ShowA Firework ShowSite SetupSite Setup
Hull University Union – May 2004Hull University Union – May 2004
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A Firework ShowA Firework ShowFiring the DisplayFiring the Display
• Firing Order
• “Gaffer”
• Walk-thru
• Decision to fire
• Keep lookout
• Check for ‘duds’
• Clearing Up
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More Information:More Information:
• Training courses
www.hse.gov.ukwww.hse.gov.uk
www.bpa-fmg.org.ukwww.bpa-fmg.org.uk
www.eig.org.ukwww.eig.org.uk
www.kimboltonfireworks.co.ukwww.kimboltonfireworks.co.uk
www.fantasticfireworks.bizwww.fantasticfireworks.biz
www.dti.gov.uk/fireworks/www.dti.gov.uk/fireworks/
www.fireworks.co.ukwww.fireworks.co.uk
Lots of links at Fireworks magazine site:Lots of links at Fireworks magazine site:
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Outdoor DemonstrationsOutdoor Demonstrations
• Example equipment
• Types of fuse
• Black Powder and confinement
• Fire Fighting