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702131/702831 European Architecture Ap
‘First Romanesque’ & OttonianFirst Romanesque & Ottonian
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Europe in AD 998Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas
of Medieval History(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1966 [1961]), p 53
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thethe OttonianOttonianthe the OttonianOttonian
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the Ottonian
division of Charlemagne’s empire 843g p
temporary reunion 885-8
raids of the Magyars &c C10thraids of the Magyars &c, C10th
Germany regains territory in the Netherlands and Belgium, 925
Germany annexes northern Italy 951-961
Otto creates the German Empire, 962
Germany defeats the Magyars, 985
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S Maria, Mittelzell, Reichenau, 819, 991-6 &c: interiorHoward Saalman, Medieval Architecture (London 1968 [New York 1962]), fig 45
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S Maria, Mittelzell: planSaalman Medieval Architecture fig 44Saalman, Medieval Architecture, fig 44
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S Maria, Mittelzell: westwork 1030 1048westwork, 1030-1048
K J Conant Carolingian andK J Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture
[Pelican History of Art] (Harmondsworth [Middlesex]
1959), pl 8
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St Cyriakus, Gernrode, Germany, 961 onwards and C12thJohn Beckwith, Early Medieval Art: Carolingian, Ottonian, Romanesque (London 1964), p 88
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St Cyriakus, Gernrode:, 971
onwardswest end
Lewis, Architectura, p 271271
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St Cyriakus: drawingsHenry Stierlin, Encyclopædia of World Architecture (2 vols, London 1977), I, p 141
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St Cyriakus: interiorSt Cyriakus: interiorBeckwith, Early Medieval Art, p 89
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St CyriakusH Demetrios, Salonika, late C5th
Beckwith, Early Medieval Art, p 89ec , a y ed e a , p 89Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 23
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St Michael, Hildesheim, 1001-1033: plan
Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1968 [1943]), p 59
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St Michael, Hildesheim: isometricStierlin, Encyclopædia of World Architecture, I, p 143
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St Michael, Hildesheim: restoration viewConant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 72
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St Michael, Hildesheim: views of nave & north transeptAltet, The Early Middle Ages, p 157; Künstler, Romanesque Art, pl 141
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St Mi h lSt Michael, Hildesheim
detail of block capitalcapital
Pevsner Outline of EuropeanPevsner, Outline of European Architecture [1968], p 67
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block capital from Klein-Komburg, near Swabisch HallCichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 239
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the revival ofthe revival ofthe revival of the revival of vaultingvaultingvaultingvaulting
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THE REVIVAL OF VAULTING
the barrel vault (semi-cylindrical)
the intersecting or groin vault
th d d ltthe domed-up vault
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barrel vault, showing thrustAfter Lewis, Architectura, p 22
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S S iSt.-Savin-sur-Gartempe, France,
1075 onwards1075 onwards
MUAS 9894MUAS 9894
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barrel and intersecting vaultsCichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 429y, g , p
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comparison of intersecting and barrel vaultingMUAS 24,604
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intersecting vaulting, without, and with wall and transverse ribsCecil Stewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture, p 139
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a definition of Romanesque architecture
the architecture of Romanised, Christianised Europe, as it developed round about AD 1000developed round about AD 1000
influenced by surviving Roman buildings in Europe, and y g g ponly secondarily by the Byzantine world
h t i d b b l d i lticharacterised by barrel and groin vaulting
shows important links between the different countries ofshows important links between the different countries of Europe
shows considerable regional variations
i il hit t f h h d li iprimarily an architecture of churches and religious buildings
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Ravenna & SyriaRavenna & SyriaRavenna & SyriaRavenna & Syria
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Ravenna & Syriasources of the ‘First Romanesque’
blind arcadingmachicolation
the corbelled shaftthe corbelled shaftthe corbel tablethe pilaster strip
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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, c 425Miles Lewis
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Sant' Apollinare in Classe Ravenna cClasse, Ravenna, c
532-549
clerestorysouth flank
Miles Lewis
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Palace of Diocletian,
Spalato: theSpalato: the Porta Aurea or north gateway: reconstr ctionreconstruction
view
Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman ArchitectureRoman Architecture
(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528
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St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Siman, Syria, c 460-480elevations of the nave wall and apse exterior
Cichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 109
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St Simeon Stylites, Qalat Siman, c 460-480: apse detailKrautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, pl 24
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Palace of Diocletian, the Porta Aurea th t t ti ior north gateway: reconstruction view
'Palace of the Exarchs' ['CalchiPalace of the Exarchs [ Calchi Palace'], Ravenna, possibly C6th
Axel Boëthius & J B Ward-Perkins, Etruscan and Roman Architecture (Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1970), p 528
Ed A Longo, Ravenna, Rip Vietata
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‘Palace of the Exarchs’: detailMiles Lewis
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the appearance of the arcaded corbel table & pilaster strip
Orthodox Baptistery, Ravenna: detail of upper walls, probably c 450
Miles Lewis
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RavennateRavennate influenceinfluenceRavennateRavennate influenceinfluence
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Ravennate influence
Lombard control of northern Italy 568-750
guild of magistri commacini or comacini by 643guild of magistri commacini, or comacini by 643
brick buildings with arcaded corbel tables and pilaster strips
triple apses
raking corbel tablesg
arcaded galleries
stone buildings similarstone buildings similar
Lombard or Lombardus – a stonemason
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Baptistery at Lomello, C8thC8th
view & plan
Miles LewisPaolo Verzone, From Theodoric to
Charlemagne (London 1968 [1967]), p 128
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St Peter, Mistail (Grisons), possibly(Grisons), possibly C8th (tower later)
Saalman, Medieval Architecture, fi 14 Sti li E l di ffig 14; Stierlin, Encyclopædia of
World Architecture, I, p 137
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S Giorgio, Valpolicella, C8th or 10th?: plan
Raffaele Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century (London 1896), p 101
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San Salvatore Brescia early C9th: view down naveSan Salvatore, Brescia, early C9th: view down naveAbbey Church of Santa Maria, Pomposa, nave possibly pre-1000: nave looking west
Donald Bullough, The Age of Charlemagne (London 1965), p 21Eva-Maria Wagner, Pre-Romanesque Art (London 1966 [Frankfurt am main 1965]), pl 155
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emergence of theemergence of theemergence of the emergence of the ‘First Romanesque’‘First Romanesque’First RomanesqueFirst Romanesque
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emergence of the ‘First Romanesque’
brick buildings
triple apses
pilaster strips
arcaded corbel tablesarcaded corbel tables
raking corbel tablesraking corbel tables
arcaded gallery around the apse
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San Vincenzo in Prato, Milan, c 833:
east end
Miles Lewis
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San Vincenzo in Prato: naveMiles Lewis
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San Vincenzo in Pratonave arcadingnave arcading
Miles Lewis
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the First Romanesque in Italythe First Romanesque in Italy
S Vincenzo in Prato MilanS Vincenzo in Prato, MilanS Pietro, Agliate
B ti t A li tBaptistery, AgliateDuomo & campanile, TorcelloSta Maria Maggiore, Lomello
S Michele LomelloS Michele LomelloCampanile of S Satiro, Milan
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S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan
S Pietro, Agliate, c 875: east end & plan (with baptistery)Miles Lewis
Cattaneo, Architecture in Italy, p 257
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Baptistery, Agliateview & detail
Miles Lewis
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Abbey Church of Sta Maria, Pomposa with the campanile of 1063François Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 182 ; Brian Lewis
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Duomo Santa Maria Assunta at Torcello, 641, rebuilt 864, 1068Duomo Santa Maria Assunta at Torcello, 641, rebuilt 864, 1068view across the lagoon
Miles Lewis
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Torcello: the Duomo, campanile & Sta FoscaBrian Lewis
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Duomo, Torcello: plan
Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 31
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Duomo, Torcelloview of nave; engraving of synthrononview of nave; engraving of synthronon
MUAS 6,786James Fergusson, The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture (2 vols, London 1855), II, p 498
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Duomo, Torcello: detail of arcadingMiles Lewis
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Santa Maria Maggiore, Lomello, c 1025
view from southnave
Miles Lewis
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Sta Maria Maggiore, Lomello view of roofMiles Lewis
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San Michele, Lomello, C11thMiles Lewis
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S Michele, Lomello: pier details
Miles Lewis
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San Satiro, Milan, campanile, mid-C11th view & detail
Miles Lewis
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the spread of the First Romanesque
FranceBell tower Puissalicon HéraultBell tower, Puissalicon, Hérault St-Guilhem-le-Desert, Hérault
St Martin du Canigou near PradesSt-Martin-du-Canigou, near Prades
SpainSpainSta Cecilia, Montserrat
S Cli t T h llS Climente, TahullSt Jaime de Frontanyá
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bell tower, Puissalicon,
Hérault, ?lateHérault, ?late C11th
elevation
Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la
France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xxxix
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St-Guilhem-le-Desert HéraultDesert, Hérault, C11th & C12th
east elevationview
Henri Revoil, Architecture Romane du Midi de la
France (3 vols, Paris 1867, 1774, 1873), III, pl xl
Country Life CLVII 4045Country Life, CLVII, 4045 (9 January 1975), p 75
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St-Martin-du-Canigou nearCanigou, near
Prades (French Catalonia), 1001-
10261026
Daryl McFall
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St-Martin-du-Canigou, near Prades 1001-1026: view & isometric
Gantner, L'Art Monumental Romane en France, pl 112
Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, p 62
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St-Martin-du-Canigou: interiorHenri Focillon, The Art of the West in the Middle Ages (2nd ed, 2 vols, London 1969 [1963]), II, pl 4
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Europe in 1092McEvedy, Atlas of Medieval History, p 63
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spread of the First RomanesqueMiles Lewis
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Sta Cecilia, Montserrat, 957 or later, view from the eastConant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl 29
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S Climente, Tahull, 1132,, ,from the east
Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages, p 214g , p
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St Jaime de Frontanyá, 1070J J M Timmers, A Handbook of Romanesque Art (London 1969), pl 178
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Cathedral of Sankt-Maria-und-StephanSpeyer, Germany, 1030-1062
reconstruction
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Speyer CathedralSpeyer Cathedraleast end
(gable and apse 1082-1182)
MUAS 14,837
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Speyer Cathedralplan
reconstruction plan of original crypt
Kü tl R A t i E 102Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, p 102H F Kubach, Romanesque Architecture (London
1988 [Milan 1978]), p 53
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Speyer Cathedralcryptcrypt
MUAS 14,839
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Speyer Cathedral, crypt detailsMiles Lewis
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Basilica (or Aula Regia), Trier, Germany, AD 310Basilica (or Aula Regia), Trier, Germany, AD 310MUAS 12,610
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Speyer Cathedral: reconstruction of the original nave of c 1030-1061, and modern viewKubach, Romanesque Architecture, p 57
Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages (New York 1968), p 101
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Intersecting & domical vaultsStewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 143
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