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A Roman URAroK
FIRST
YEAR LATINBY
WILLI AxM
C.
COLLAR,
A.M.
Head-Master Roxblry Latin School
M.
GRANT DANIELL,
A.M.Bostoi.
Formerly Princu'al Chauncy-Hall School,
BOSTON,
U.S.A.
GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERSCbc3[tbcn.Tnm prcfifi
1902
C7/"?/
Copyright,
1901,
by
William
C.
Collar and M. Grant Daniellall rights reserved
PREFACEWhatgrasp of the Latin languagerecitations
may befor
reasonably
expected of an intelligent and industrious pupil of fourteen
who has hadthirty-eight1.
five
a
week
a school year of
weeks?
He
should
should have had sufficient practicehis teacher to
and and imitating read Latin that he knows the meaning of withtheprinciples of pronunciationin following
know
out gross errors in accent or in the quantity of final syllables,
and with some ideaindicate the sense.2.
of grouping
words and phrases so as to
He
should have acquired such familiarity with inflected
forms as to recognize unerringly the place of a form.
Half a
hundred fundamental principles of syntax should have become a permanent part of his mental furnishing, chiefly through manifold illustrations in the exercises and reading lessons,subordinately through practical application in turning Englishinto Latin.3.
Ten
of his thirty-eight
weeks may well have been devoted
to practice in
metaphrasing and translating selections of easy
Latin into idiomatic English, and to acquiring as large andvaried a working vocabulary as the reading and re-reading oftwenty-five or thirty pages could be expected to give.
moderate appreciation of Latin order and of words in Latin and in English, and a very moderate degree of facility in applying the principles of syntax in the translation of4.
Einally, a
the difference in the arrangement of corresponding
English into Latin
may
fairlyiii
be demanded.
iv
PRE FA CESo much may beset
down
as a reasonable achievement for
an intelligent pupil
in a year's
time under good teaching.in detail, to the best
This book has been written to exhibitof the authors' ability, the
work roughly sketched The first few lessons have purposely been made someabove. what easier than is usual, and the progression in difficultyof
scheme
gradual for the benefit of pupils unfamiliar with English
grammar.
Some
classes
may be
able
to
compass twoof time
of
these easier lessons at a time.
To
insure approximate evenness in the
amount
work demanded
of learners for the several lessons,
and no lessonsystem
has been permitted to exceed two pages in length.
The importance
of the verb in the Latin inflectional
and the great amount of practice required to master its forms thoroughly have seemed a good reason for introducing it at the outset. The development of- the tenses of the indicative has been continuous with only such interruptions as seemed necessary to enable the learner to digest and assimilate what he has acquired. It will be seen that the method of comparisonsideis
freely used in the treatment of the verb, as, for example,
tenses similarly formed in different conjugations are placed
of which would sufficiently justify it: to ease the dead pull upon the memory, and to foster the habit of observation and comparison. It is often easier to learn two things or several that have some
by side to be learned together. This plan has been adopted for two reasons, either
relation of likeness or contrast, than to learn either
by itself, and the discerning of likenesses and differences is itself largely Only when the learner has the process and sum of education. studied and practised the verb in parts is he required, through review lessons, to survey and master it as a whole. Several features that need only be mentioned will, it ishoped,
commend
themselves to teachers:
PRE FA CE(i)
V
The compression
that will certainly
make
it
possible
for high school classes to go through the seventy-five lessons
twice in from twenty-five to twenty-eight weeks.(2)
The
relative shortening of the exercises for translationIf
into Latin.ticeit
any class seems to need more of such praca translation of the interval retranslittle
may be supplemented by having
Latin exercises written out and after alated into Latin during the recitation.(3)
The
frequent interspersion of reviews and of readingreference and
lessons that anticipate no following principle of syntax.(4)
The summary
of rules
for
the
index.
Thebut
latter is strangelyis
omitted from most books of this kind,
certainly convenient
and
useful." prefixed to the lessons,
(5)
The "Essentials
of
Grammar
which should help to adapt the book to learners who come to the study of Latin with little or no knowledge of English grammar.(6)
The copiousin
selections for reading at the
end of the
book, which will be found upon examination to be carefully
graded
point of difficulty and altogether interesting in
character.
As an
aid to teachers
have prepared a
2'caclier''s
who may use this book, the authors Manual containing eight pages ofexpresstheir grateful111.,
general suggestions followed by notes on each lesson.
The authors wishmentsto
to
acknowledgfor several
Miss
Ada Townsend
of Evanston,
valuable suggestions, and particularly to Mr. George F. Fiske,Principal of the Wadleigh School, Winchester, Mass.,
who has
read
all
the proof sheets with a scholar's conscientious carein perfecting the
and aided materially
work.
William C. Collar M. Grant DaniellBoston, May6,
1901
NOTE TO TEACHERSItis
recommended
that
of
the
Selections
for Reading
(pp. 171-202) the Anecdotes, the Stories of Herctdes^Stories of Ulysses
and the
be read from time to time, as pupils advance
through the Lessons.little
These selections are easy and with atill
preliminary help from the teacher can be read by pupilsthe Lessons are
with interest and profit, without waitingfinished.
Pupils are early referred
to
the general
Vocabulary
for
new wordsdonein
that occur in the reading lessons.
This has been
order that
they
may become
familiar by degrees
with the use of a general vocabulary, before the continuous
reading of the selections at the end of the bookupon.
is
entered
They should readit
the explanatory notes that precede
the Latin-English Vocabulary,
and from the beginning
of their
use of
become accustomed
to observe the formation
and
derivation of words, the synonyms, and the English derivatives
and cognates As many pupils
that are given.will
pass from this book to the Gateit
to
Caesar or to Caesar's Gallic War,
is
recommended
that in
conjunction with the selections from Caesar the Stories of Ulysses be reviewed, since in these the vocabulary and construction of Caesar are
somewhat
closely imitated.
CONTENTSLbsson
.Essentials of
GrammarAlphabet,Pronunciation,Syllables,
Page 1-1315-19
Introductory:
Quantity, Accent, Cases, Gender
Nominative Case. Dfxlension. Subject, Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs Accusative Case Direct Object II. First Declension. Active Indicative Present. AgreeIII. First Conjugation Conversation ment of Vei-bs. Limiting Genitive. Genitive Case IV. First Declension.I.
First
:
.
20, 21
22,23
V.VI.VII.
Conversation Active Second Conjugation Conversatk)n Review.:
24,2526, 27
Indicative
Present.
First Declension.Ablative -with in.
indirect Object Dative Conversation:
28,2930> 3^
Case.
Second
Declension Words Conversation Review.
in
-us
and
-um.
VIII.
First and Second Declensions.tives
Agreement of Adjec Predicate Noun
32. 33
34, 35
IX.
The Verh sum:andAdjective.
Indicative
Present.
ReviewWordsin -er, -eri.
X. Second Declension:XI.XII.
Review. .
36, 37
XIII.
XIV.
XV.XVI.
Conversation 38. 39 Apposition Second Declension: Words in -er, -ri. 40,41 Uses of the Dative: Z>a//z'^ of Possessor, Dative with Adjectives. Review 42.43 First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Imperfect. Ablative of Means 44, 45 First and Second Conjugations: Active Indicative Ablative of Manner Future. 46,47 ReadFirst Conjugation Active Indicative Perfect. ... 48, 49 ing Lesson: The Romans and the Sabines Second Conjugation Active Indicative Perfect ... 50, 51
:
:
XLesson
CONTENTSPage
XVII. The Demonstrative is Review XVIII. The Interrogative quis. Active Indicative Present, XIX. Third Conjugation Imperfect, Future, and Perfect Reading Lesson: Icarus XX. Review. XXI. Third Declension: Mute Stems XXII. Third Conjugation Verbs in -io; Active Indicative
5-. 53
54-5556, 57 5S,
:
59
60,61
:
Place Future, and Perfect. Whence and Whither Ablative of XXIII. Third Declension: Liquid Stems.Present,
Imperfect,
62,
63
Review Cause. 64, 65 XXIV. Third Declension Stems in -i 66, 67 XXV. Third Declension: Gender 68,69 XXVI. Review. Reading Lesson: Horatius at the:
Bridge. Conversation
XXVII. Adjectives of the Third Declension.ing Lesson: Caesar in Gaul XXVIII. Fourth Conjugation: ActiveImperfect, Future, and Perfect.
ReadTime
70,71
72,73Indicative Present,
Ablative of
74, 75
XXIX. All Conjugations:and Futurerus
Perfect. Review
Active
Indicative
Pluperfect
76,77
XXX. Syntax of Names of Towns, and:
of domus andille.
Locative Casehie
XXXI. The DemonstrativesLesson:
and
ReadingIndicative
78.7980, 81
Britain InvadedActive
XXXII. PassivePresent.
Voice:
and
Passive
XXXIII.
'Y-AY.
V.Y.\.K1\VY.
Ablative of Agent c^. Agreemetit of RelativeIndicativePresent,
82,83..
.
84,8586, 87
XXXIV. Active andfect,
Passive: and Future of rego and capioPassive:Indicative
Imper-
XXXV. Personal and Reflexive PRONoqNSXXXVI. Active andfect,
88,89Imper-
and Future of Coriolanus and his Mother
audio. Reading
Present,
Lesson:90, 91..
Ablative of Separation XXXVII. 92,93 XXXVIII. Passive Voice All Conjugations: Indicative
Possessive Adjectives.Perfect, Pluperfect,
and Future Perfect
XXXIX. Review. Readingbal
94. 95
Lesson:
Scipio
and Hanni96, 97 98.
XL. Fourth Declension
99
CONTENTSLesson
XI
Page
XLI. Comparisonparison
of
Adjectives.
Ablative
of
ComlOO, lOI
Partitive Genitive XLII. Comparison of Adjectives. Ablative of Degree of XLIII. Comparison of Adjectives.
102,103104, 105
DifferenceXI.I\'.
Conversation Comparison of Adverbs. XLV. Reading Lesson: A Letter from Pompeii. Review Conversation. Accusative of Extent XLVI. Fifth Declension. XLVIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses with ut and ne XLVIIL The Subjunctive Mood: Purpose Clauses. Result Clauses with xA and VLt non XLLX. Indirect Question. Sequence of Tenses Review L. Reading Lesson Caesar WINS A Victory. LL Numerals. Descriptive Ablative and Genitive LIL Numerals Reading Lesson: Lin. Ten Irregular Adjectives. Caesar and Vergil LIV. The Infinitive used as in English LV. Accusative and Infinitive Indirect Statement... .
106, 107
108, 109
.
.
.
110,111
1
12,
113
114,115116,117
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
118,119 120,121122, 123
124, 125 126, 127
:
Tenses of the Infinitive
128, 129130, 131
LVI. The Demonstratives idem, ipse, iste Reading Lesson: Africa. LVII. Indefinite Pronouns.
Review
132. i33
LVIII. Imperative Appealsship
and
Subjunctive:
Conunands and134, 135
LIX. Compounds of sum.
LX. Participles.
Dative with Compounds Dative of Service Reading Lesson: Fabricius andthe;.
Reading
Lesson: Friend136, 137
Physician Ablative Absolute LXI. Participles. LXII. Participles: The Gerundive LXIII. The Gerund LXIV. The Supine. Reading Ablative of Specif cation. Review Lesson: Roman Consuls. LXV. Review of Verb-Forms: First and Second Conju-
138, 139 140,141
142,143144, 145
146, 147
gations. Reading Lesson Romulus and Remus LXVI. Review of Verb-Forms: Third and Fourth Conjugations. Reading Lesson Romulus and Remus:
14S, 149
:
150,151
'
XULbsson
CONTENTSPage
LXVII. Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Certain Deponents LXVIII. The Irregular Verbs volo, nolo, mal5. Dative
.
152,153154, 155
with Intransitive Verbs
LXIX. Cum Temporal, Causal, and Concessive.ing Lesson: Quintus Fabius Maximus
Read. . .
156, 157
LXX. Conditional Sentences LXXI. Review. Reading Lesson
158, 159:
Rivalry of two Cen160, 161fio.
turions
LXXIL The Irregular Verbsafter Verbs of Fearing.
Reading Lesson
eo, fero,
Subjunctive:
Rivalry
OF
Two Centurions:
LXXIII. Impersonal Use of Verbs. Relative of Purpose. Reading Lesson Rivalry of Two Centurions
.
162, 163
LXXIV. Periphrastic Conjugations. Dative of Agent LXXV. Expressions of Purpose. Review. ReadingLesson Victory:
164, 165
166,167
The Romans win their First Naval168, 169
Selections for Reading:
AnecdotesStories of Hercules Stories of Ulysses
1
71-173
173-180 180-186 186-190190-198199-202.
FablesStories from
Roman History.
Caesar: Gallic War Appendix. Tables of Inflection, Conjugation, etc. Rules of Syntax
203-239 241-244245-290291-301303-31
Latin-English Vocabulary English-Latin Vocabulary Index
ILLUSTRATIONSA RomanOrator (Statue of Cato)Frontispiece
Page
A Roman LadyPriest, Altar (ara),
'4
and Suppliant (supplex)(gladius)
21
Javelin (pilum)
and Sword
27
Trumpet
(tuba)
35
Spear (hasta)
435'
RomanWriting
IIe;iddresses
Materials,
representingink);
an inkstandletter
(atramentarium,
for
black
and red
a
papyrus
sealed
and addressedto 57
(M LvcREiio Flam[ini] Martis Decvrioni Pompei[s])Marcus Lucretius,priest of Mars, decurion,
Pompeii
....
The
Fall of Icarus.
Icarus, following his father, in flight has fallen
unseen and been washed ashore.lifeless
body.
A nymphObverse Obverse:
sits
near Icarus.
Daedalus now discovers his On the left is a Greek59
temple
A Roman A Roman A Roman
Coin.
head of Venus.head of Venus.
Reverse
:
Aeneas
carry-
ing Anchises and the Palladium.
CaesarReverse:
61
Coin.
:
trophy and
captives.
CaesarHoratius Codes(galeae)at the Bridge
6971
Coin.
Ancient Plough (aratrum)
87
Roman HelmetsCoriolanus
8991
Temple (templum).Scipio.
Restoration of the Temple of Vesta at
Rome
.
9597
Ancient Statue
Hannibal.
Ancient bust
in
Naples
MuseumReverse:
View
of
A Roman Coin.arms.
Naples and Vesuvius Obverse head of Venus.:
97 108
trophy of Gallic 119
CaesarShowingshields, helmets, swords, javelins, sandals,
RomanCaesar.
Soldiers.
breast armor, sling,
pack carried on a polexiii
123 125
Bust
in the
Louvre, Paris
xi\^
ILL US TRA TIONSPageBust at Caproni's, Boston125[43
Vergil.
Roman Sandals A Roman Coin.s[vl]ter.used
Obverse: veiled head of Pietas.
Caesar Co[n].
Reverse: lituus (augur's crooV), praefericulum (dish
in sacrifices),
and
axe.
A[vLVs] Hirtivs Pr[aefectvs]
145
The Twins
discovered by Faustulus
149151
RomanVinea
Coins, representing militarj- s'.andards
155
Shields (scuta)
163(aries)
Battering
Ram
202
FIRST YEAR LATINESSENTIALS OF GRAMMARNote.
These
essentials apply in the
main
to
both English and
Latin grammar.
THE PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUNS1.
A Noun:
is
a
word usedis
as the
nameof
of a person, place,
or thinga.
boy,
London,
ship, book, star.
A
Proper Noun:
the
name name:
a particular person,
place, or thingb.
George, Boston, September,is
Monday.applied to
AA
Common NounCollective
a
that
may be
any one of a class of objectsc.
boy, city, 7nonth, day.
Noun
is
a
name
that in the singular form:
may bed.
applied to a group of objects
croivd, family, herd,
committee.
A
Verbal
Noun
is
the
name
of an action
:
seeing, read-
ing, writing, to see, to read, to write.e.
An Abstract
Noun
is
the
name
of a quality or condition
:
goodness, truth, weakness, poverty.
PRONOUNS2. /,
A Pronoun
is
a
word used
to take the place of a
noun
:
yon, liim,
this,
who.
2I^pvz. --
J^'.-l'iST
YEAR LATIN
,
antecedent.
Xhe ncun for, which a pronoun stands is called its Thus, in John goes to sc/iool, but he does not study,:
the
noun John
is
the antecedent of theis
pronoun
he.
a.
A
Personal Pronounit
a pronoun that shows/,
by
its
form whetheris,
stands for the speaker,;
we,to,
etc.,
that
the First Personis,
for the person;
spoken
thou, yon,
etc., tliat
the Second Personit,
or for the person or thingis,
spoken
of, he, she,
they, etc., that
the Third Person.
Note.b.
Nouns
are almost always in the third person.is
A
Relative (or Conjunctive) Pronoun
a pronoun thatit
connects a subordinate clause (20), in whichthe antecedent:
stands, with
**
The
evil thatzvho,is
men doivJiicJi,
lives after theviy
Thec.
relative
pronouns are
ivJiat,
and
that.
An
Interrogative Pronoun:
a
pronoun that
is
used to
ask a question
Who
is
there ?
What
shall zve do ?
The
interrogative pronouns are 7uho, zvhich,d.
and
wJiat.
A
Demonstrative Pronoun:
is
a pronoun that points out
an object definitelye.
this, that, these, those.is
An
Indefinite
Pronoun:
a pronoun that points out anall, etc.
object indefinitely
some, one, any, othci,is
/ A
Reflexive Pronoun:
a
pronoun that refers back to
the subject
He
hurt himself.
ADJECTIVES3.
An
Adjective
meaninga.
of a
word used to qualify or limit the noun or pronoun good lesson, beautiful moon,is
a
:
the boy, five girls.
A, an, and
the,
really limiting adjectives, are
some-
times called
Articles.
The
is
the
Definite Article,
a or an the
Indefinite Article.
;
THE PARTS OF SPEECH/;.
3
Numeral Adjectives are adjectives of number.
They
arc cither Cardinal, denotingor Ordinal, denoting which
how many:in
one, two, three, fourfirst,
order
:
second, third,
fourth.c.
The demonstrative pronouns,theinterrogative
the indefinite pronouns,zvJiich
and
pronounsbook,
and zvhat mayrespectively;
be used as adjectives, and are thenDemonstrativeAdjectives:
called
Adjectives
:
this
that
house
Indefinite:
some
boys,
any pencil ; and
Interrogative Adjectivesis
Uliichd.
way
shall zue
go
?
What manthe brave."
that /:
Adjectives are often used as nouns
"
The land of
the free a>id the
home of
VERBS4.
AA
Verb
is
a word used to declare or assert somethingthe leaf
about a person or thing: / ride; you laugh;falls.a.
Transitive Verb is a
verb that
in
the active voiceto
(28)
commonly:
requires anstrikes
object (14)the
completecatcatche'?
its
meaningmouse.b.
The boy
ball
;
the
a
An
Intransitive Verb is a \-erb that:
does not commonly
admit an objectNote.
Birdsverbs:
fly
;
I walk.at
Certain
may
one time be transitive and
at
another intransitive
The wind
bk-iu the
snow
into ok r faces ; the
wind blewc.
furiously.is
At,
Regular Verb
a verb
that
forms
its
imperfect
(past) tense (33)
and past
participle (34, a):
by the additionpast loved,
of d,
or ed to the present
present
loz'e,
past participle loved.
;:
4d.
FIRST YEAR LATIN
An:
Irregular Verb
is
a verb that does not formt,
its
imperfect (past) tense by the addition of d,presente.
or ed to the
present give, past gave, past participle given.Auxiliary Verbis:
An
a verb that
is
used
in
the con-
jugation of other verbs
/ am loved ; do yonis
love ? he has
given.f.
An
-Impersonal Verb
one that
is
used only
in
the
third person singular, having no personal subject: // rainsit snozvs.
Note.
In
Latin there are
many more impersonal
verbs and
impersonal uses of other verbs than in English.
ADVERBS5.
An
Adverb
is
a
word used
to modify the
meaning
of a
verb, an adjective, or another adverb:the orange is very largea.;
He walks
swiftly;
he talks too fast.
AnAn
Adverb
of Place
answers the question where
?
he7'e, belozv, there, Jiejice.b.
Adverb
of
Time answers the question when ?
so,
theti,c.
now,
often, seldom.of
AnAn
Adverbill.
Manner answers the question
Jiozv ?
thus, well,
d.
Adverb
of
Degree answers the question hozu viuch ?
little,e.
almost, much, very, enough.
A
Modal Adverb expresses affirmation or negation, oris
the degree of confidence with which a statementyes, no, certainly, perhaps.f.
made
A Relative (or Conjunctive)the
Adverb connects a subordinate:
clause (20)
with that on which
advanced whenthee!'
The army it depends day daivned ; " Go where glory waits
;
THE PARTS OF SPEECHPREPOSITIONS6.
5
A Prepositionits
is
a
to
show
relation to another
word used before a noun or pronoun word in the sentence: "/
stood on the bridge at midnight.''
CONJUNCTIONS7.
A Conjunction
is
a
word used
to connect words, phrases(9):
(i6), clauses (20),
and sentences
black
was a man of you may stay.a.
Jionor, but
of a bad temper ; you
and white ; he may go or
A
Coordinate Conjunction
is
a conjunction that connects
words, phrases, clauses, and sentences of equal order or
rank (20,
c).
The
conjunctions
in
the examples above are
Coordinate./;.
A
Subordinate Conjunction
is
one that connects a subb):
ordinate clause (20) with a principal clause (20,
I shall
go
to toivn if it is
pleasant
;
he failed because he zuas not
industrious.
INTERJECTIONS8.
Anis
Interjection is
a word used to express strong feeling,
and
not grammatically related to any other word in the
sentence: oh! ah! alas! hurrah!
Note.
The following couplets have often proved useful:
to
younj
persons in identifying the parts of speechThreelittle
words we often see
Are
Articles, a, an,'s
and
the.
A NounAs
the
name
of anything
school or garden, hoop or swing.tell
Adjectives
the kind of noun
;
As great,
small, pretty, white, or brown.
;
;
!;
;
FIRST YEAR LATINInstead of nouns the Pronouns stand;
His head, herVerbstell of
hat,
your arm, my hand.;
something being done
As
read, write, spell, sing, jump, or run.are done the Adverbsill,
How thingsAs
tell
slowly, quickly,
or well.
They also tell us where and when As here and there a.nd?iow and ihen.
A A
Preposition stands before
noun
;
as in or through a door.joii
Conjunctions
the words together
;
As
rain
and
sunshine, wind or weather.;
Conjunctions sentences unite
As
kittens scratch a7td puppies bite.Interjection
An
shows surprise!
As Oh ! how
pretty
Ah
.'
how
wise
THE SENTENCE9.
A:
Sentence
is
a
group;
of
words expressing a completea sentence that declares or Watei' runs
thought10.
Sta7-s sJiine Declarative
he zvalks.is:
A
sentence
asserts something as a factInterrogative
down
hill.
An:
sentence
is
a sentence that asks a question
Who was
the second president of the United States ?is
An
Imperative sentence
a sentence that expresses a request, a
command, or an entreaty: " Drink, pretty creature, drink'' " Stand not upon the order of your going, but go at once."
An
Exclamatory sentence
is
a sentence, whether declarative,
interrogative, or imperative, that expresses strong feeling
or emotion
:
"
Howis
siveet the
moonlight sleeps upon this
bank11.
"!
A
Sentence
made up
of
two
parts,
one called the
Subject,
and the other the
Predicate.
;
THE SENTENCEa.is
7
Tlie Subject
represents that about which something:
said or assertedb.
Birds si)ig ; you read.
The
Predicate
says or asserts something about that:
which the subject representsNote.
Birds sing ; you
read.
Either
the
subject or the
predicate or both
may beand
enlarged to any extent by theexpressions called modifiersintlie:
addition of qualifying wordssister's
Myis
small birds
\
sing sweetly
morning.
12.
The
Simple Subject
the noun or pronoun whichis
signifies
that
about which the assertionis
made.
TheBirds
Simple Predicateis
the verb that makes the assertion.
the simple subject, and sing the simple predicate in the
preceding note.13.its
Theall its
Complete Subject
is
the simple subject withis
all
modifiers.
The
Complete Predicate
the simple predicate
with
modifiers.
Thus
in
the example of the notethat precedes the verall
under
1 1
the complete subject
is all
tical line,14.
and the complete predicateObject of a
that follows
it.
The
verb
completes the meaning ofreceives the action:
word or expression that the verb, and signifies that whichis
a
I fold
tJic
paper.
Note. The Direct Object represents that which is immediately affected by the action of the verb the Indirect Object that to or for which the action is performed. Thus in he gave nte the hook, book;
is
the direct object, and tne the indirect.15.
A
Predicate
Noun or a
Predicate Adjective is a
noun or
an adjective used after certain intransitive or passive verbsto complete their
meaning, and to describe or define thea farmer; Lincoln
subjectthe
:
George
is
was
elected president
workmen
are busy; those nioi are reputed wise.
FIRST YEAR LATINa.
The
predicate noun or adjective
is
called the Complement
of the verb.
Intransitive verbs that require a
complement
are called Copulative Verbs.
The verbis
be in
its
various forms
{am, tvas, lias been, etc.)b.
often called the Copula.
The
predicate noun has the
same case
as the subject;
hence the term16.
Predicate Nominative.is
A
Phrase
a combination of words
(not:
subject
and predicate) used as a single part of speechof honor, of honorthe nounis
in
a
manis
an Adjective Phrase becausetJieit
it
modifies
man ;
in
sun shines by day, by daylimits theis
an
Adverbial Phrase17.
because
verb
sJiines.
A
Simple Sentenceis,
a sentence containing but:
one
statement, thatbats the ball.18.
one subject and one predicate
The boy
A
Compound Sentence
is
a sentence containing two or:
more independent statementsnever weary."
'*
It
rains a?id the
wind
is
Note.it
An
independent statement
is
one that can stand alone
;
does not depend upon (qualify or limit) another statement.19.
A
Complex
Sentence
is
a
sentence
containing
one
independent (principal) and one or more dependent (subordinate) statements:
IVe hastened
home
\
when
the elonds
began
to gatJier.
Note.fies
A dependentto
or subordinate statement
is
one that quali-
or limits another in
some way
;
thus the dependent statementtelling
when the clouds began we hastened.20.
gather limits the verb hastened,
when
The
separate statements in aclauses,
compound
or complex
sentence are called
and as has already been seen,
they
may be
either independent (principal) or dependent (sub-
ordinate).
INFLECTIONa.
9
Dependent or subordinate clauses are named fromuseAdjective
their
Clauses
:
A
7nanin
ivho
is
honorable
is
respected; Adverbial Clauses:stantive Clausestrue.b.:
We gohas
when H
rains ; or Subis
That
my friend
lost his
watch
certainly
The independentit
clause of a complex
sentence
is
called the Principal Clause.
Any
clause that
has another
dependent uponc.
may be
called a principal clause.of the
Connected clauses that are
same rank, both
independent, or both dependent, are said to be Coordinate.
INFLECTION21.
Inflection is
a change in the form of a:
a
change
in its
meaning or use
dog, dogs
;
word man,
to indicatenieti ; love,
loves, loved.
DECLENSIONDeclension.
of a noun or pronoun is called its Nouns and pronouns are declined to show number and case, and a few nouns to show gender.22.
The
inflection
Note.and case,
In Latin, adjectivesto agree with the
also are declined in gender,
number,
nouns which they modify.
Numberis in the Singular Number when it means one Jiat, ox, I ; in the Plural Number when it means more than one Jiats, oxen, we.
23.
A
noun or pronoun:
:
Case24.I.
There are three cases
in
English
:
The:
Nominative, primarily used as the subject of a
sentence
He throws
the ball.
; :
lO2.
FIRST YEAR LATINThePossessive (Genitive),
used to denote possessionhis
or ownership:
John throws
ball;
see the queen's
crown.3.
The
Objective,
used as the object of a transitive verb:
or of a prepositiona.
JoJui throws the ball to him.
Only personal pronouns and the relative pronoun tvho Nouns have the nominative and objective alike, with a separate form for the poshave, in English, three case-forms.sessive (genitive).b.
\n Latin there are seven casesdifferent.
;
bui':
the forms of the cases are
not
all
Gender25.
The gender
of English
nounslittleis
is
what
is
called Natural
Gender,
and hence has veryboy,
toin
do with grammar.
Thus, a noun denoting a male
the Masculine Gender
noun denoting a female is in the Feminine Gender ivoman, girl, moiJicr ; one denoting either male or female is in the Common Gender cat, dog, parentman,father ;:
a
:
one denoting a sexless objectriver,
is
in
the
Neuter Gender
wind, mountain.
a. In Latin only nouns that denote persons and some animals have natural gender: nauta, sailor (masc), mater, mother (fem.). All others have an arbitrary gender, called Grammatical Gender, deter-
mined
chiefly
by the
endint^.
COMPARISON26.
The
inflection of
adjectivesis
and adverbs
degree (higher or lower)
called Comparison.
to show There are
three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative,
and
the
Superlative
:
positive
wise,
comparative
wiser,
1
INFLECTIONsuperlative wisestlali\e bestoftenest.a.; ;
1
positive ^^^^/, comparative better, super-
i^ositive often,
comparative oftener, superlative
Adjectives and adverbs are also compared in English
by prefixing the adverbs more and 7nost, less and least: beaut ifnl, more beaittiftil, most beautiful ; wisely, lessivisely, least wisely.
Note.
Comparison
in Latin is indicated
by change of form, and
sometimes by the use of adverbs.
CONJUGATION27.
The
inflection of a verb
is
called Conjugation.
Verbs
are conjugated to
show
voice,
mood, and tense, and the
number and person of the subject. a. The English ^erb has but few changes of form. Thus the verb love has in common use only the formslove, loves, loving,
and loved ; the verbrisen.
rise
has
rise, rises,
rising,
rose,
and
Most
of the conjugation of the
verb
is
auxiliaries
made up / tun:
of
verb phrases formed by the use of
loved,
I shall
love,
I shall have been
loved, etc.
Note.
The statement
in
27, however,will
is
true of the Latin verb,
which has many changes of form, as
be seen.
Voice28.
A
verb
is
in
the Active Voice:
subject as acting (or being)Passive Voice
when it represents the James struck John ; in the:
when
it
represents the subject as acted upon
John wasa.
struck by
James.
Intransitive verbs are used only in the active voice.
12
FIRST YEAR LATINMood29.
Ais
verb
is
in
the Indicative Mood:
when
it
states
a
fact or
usedverb
in
a question
Roses bloom ; why do yotc
smile ?30.
A
is
in
the Subjunctive MoodIt
whenis
it
assertsin sub-
something doubtfully or conditionally.ordinate clauses, andis
usedif,
usually introduced by
though,
and thehe slay
like
:
If heivill
-were here,
I should
be
glad ; " Though
vie,
yet
I
trust in him.''
Note. The subjunctive mood as a separate form is very little used in modern English, its place being taken by the indicative. InLatin,
on the other hand, the subjunctive has a great variety of
uses.
31.
AThe
verb
is
in
the Imperative Mood
when
it
expresses a
commanda.
or an entreaty:
Draw your swords ; "Give meis
of tJiy bark,expressed.
O
birch
tree.''
subject of the imperative {thou or you)
seldom
The32.
Infinitive
TheIt
Infinitive {to love, to
have loved,
etc.) isis
a verbal
noun.in
has neither person nor number, and
not used
or the
making assertions. Like a noun it may be the subject complement of a verb To see is to believe. Like a:
verb
it
may have anour workinfinitive
object and adverbial modifiersearly.
:
We
like to begina.
The
may
also be used in other
noun
relations,
and sometimes as an adjective or adverb.b.
The
verbal
gerund,believing
is
noun in -ing, corresponding to the Latin by some regarded as an infinitive Seeing is:
=
to see is to believe.
;
INFLECTIONTense33.
A
verb
is
init
the Present, Imperfect
(Past),
or Future
Tense according asin
represents an action as taking place:
present, past, or future time
/
love,
I loved, I shallan action
love.a.
The
Perfect (Present Perfect) Tense represents:
as completed in the present(Past Perfect), as
I
Jiave loved ; the Pluperfect:
completed
in
the pastin
the Futureloved.
Perfect, as
completed
the future
/ had loved ; and I shall have:
The Participle34.it
Ait
Participle is a
verbal adjective.
Like an adjective
may
qualify a
noun
:
a living death, a driven well.object
Like:
a verb
may have an
and adverbial modifiers
Knoivingvotea.
the candidate intimately,
we
shall
7iot
hesitate to
for Jiivi. There are:
in
English three participles
in
the active
voice
present loving, past loved, perfect having lovedin
and three
the passive voice
:
present {being) loved, past
loved, perfectb.
having been
loved.is
to
he
The participle in -ing make the Progressive Form was loving.
used with the:
au.xiliary be
of the verb
Yott are loving,
Note.35.
The Latin has no special tensesFinite Verb is a
for the progressive form.
A
verb
in
the indicative, subjunctive,
or imperative
mood.
A Roman Lady
.
P RON UNCIA riON
I
5
INTRODUCTORYThesections on pronunciation
may
be most profitably used for
reference.
Pupils catch pronunciation quickly from the lips of theif
teacher, and,to rules.It
they
make
mistakes, are interested in being referred
is
therefore advised that the teacher begin with thei8,
poem on pagesuccessively,
pronouncing slowly each
line,
the pupils following
and then together.
ALPHABET36.
The Latin
alphabet has
noy
or
zv.
Otherwise
it
is
the
same as the Enghsh. 37. /does service both as a vowel and as a consonant. Before a vowel in the same syllable it has the force of ais
consonant, and38.
called i-consonant
Of the consonantsThe mutes are The liquids are The sibilant is The double consonantsp, b,1,
t,
d, c, k, g, q.
ni, n, r.
s.
are
.
.
s.
=
cs ox gs^ z
=
ds.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS, ROMAN METHOD39.
Vowelslike the lastin they.
ai
a in aha'.
a
like the first
a in
aJia'.
e as
6 as in met.i
as in machine.in note.
as in pin.in obey.
6 as
6 asfl^
u^
like oo in boot.gji,is
like oo \r\foot.
In qu,
and sometimes
in sn, before a vowel,
h
is
a semivowel or
consonant,letter;
pronounced
like w,
and joined:
in
utterance with the preceding
so likewise in cui
and huic
quis, qui,
who, an'-guis, snake, con-
8ue'-tus, accustomed.
6
.
:
1
FIRST YEAR LATIN40.
Diphthongslike
ae
ai in aisle.
auoe
like oti in our.like 0/ in boil.
ei (rare) like ei in eight.
eu41.
(rare) like
eti
xnfeicd.
Consonantsin
Consonants generally have the same sounds asobserve the followingc asin:
English.
But
come.like
g as
in get.sicii.
i-consonantt as in ii/ne.
j
\nyet.
s as in
ch
like
k
in kite.
v like w in wine. ph like /"in /";-.
SYLLABLES42.I.
A
syllable consists of a vowel or
diphthong withas
or without one or
more consonants.it
Hence a word has:
many2.
syllables as
has vowels and diphthongs
ae-gri-tu'-do,
sickness.
Whenis
a word
is
divided into syllables, a single con-
sonantamiable.3.
joined
with
the
vowel
following
:
a-ma'-bi-lis,
If
there are two or
more consonants between two
vowels, as
manybad ;in
are joined with the second vowel as canat
be pronouncedim'-pro-bus,4.
the beginning of a word or syllableguest.
ho'-spes,
compound words the division must show the component parts: ab'-est (ab, away; est, /le is), lie isBut
away.5
The
last syllable oflast,
a word
is
called the ultima
;
the
one next to thethe antepenult.
iht pejiult ; the one before the penult,
7 ;:
PRONUNCIATIONQUANTITYVowels are long (-) o\ short ("). long vowels are marked, except in some vowels must be regarded as short.43.I.
1
In thistitles;
book the
unmarked
2.
A vowel
is;
short before a vowel orni'-hil,
//
:
pb-e'-ma,
poem
;
gra'-ti-ae,3.
tJianks
nothing.;//, 7is,
Vowels are long beforeDiphthongs,resulting
and gn
:
in-fans,
infant
i-gnis, fire.
4.
vowels
representingare
diphthongs,
and
vowels
fromlong
contraction
long
:
in-cau'-tus,
heedless; in-i'-quus (inaequus),5:
?/;/r^//rt/,it
co'-go {(M%q), collect.
A
syllable
is
whenif it
contains a long vow^el or atemple.b)-
diphthong:6.
vo'-ces,is
voices;
ae'-des,
A
syllable
long
has a short vowel followed
two or more consonants (except a mute followed by / or r), or by ^ or c' but the short vowel is still pronounced short;
sunt, they
are
;
tem'-plam, temple; dux, leader.
ACCENT44.first:
I.
Words
of
two
syllables
have the accent on the
tu'-ba,
trumpet.
2.
the penultprae-di'-co,
Words of more than two syllables have the accent on when it is long, otherwise on the antepenultforetell;prae'-di-c6,
:
declare;
il-le'-ce-brae,
snares
;
pa-ter'-nus,3.
paternal.calledenclitics,
Several words,-ne,
of
which the com-que,
monest are
the sign of a question, and
and, are
appended
to other words,
and such words are then accented:
on the syllable preceding the encliticlove? dona'-que,
amat'-ne,
does he
and gifts.
8
;
!
1
FIRST YEAR LATIN45.
The
following Latin version of " Twinkle, twinkle, Little Star,"in pronunciation,
from Arundines Cami, may be used for practice and for illustration of the preceding statements.note, p. 15.
See introductory
MICA, MICA
Mica/ mica, parva Miror quaenam sis,Splendens eminus
stella
!
tarn bella
in illo.
Alba velut gemma,
caelo.
Quando fervens S5l discessit. Nee calore prata pascit,
Mox
ostendis lumen purum,
Micans, micans per obscurum.Tibi, noctu qui vagatur,
Ob
scintillulam grataturtij,
Ni micares
non
sciretiret.
Quas per
vias errans
MeumNeque Donee
saepe thalamum;
liace
Specularis curiosa
carpseris soporem
venit Sol per auram.
CASES46.
The namesdative,
of the cases in Latin are
:
nominative,locative.illus-
genitive,
accusative,
ablative,
vocative,
Their characteristics of form, meaning, and use aretrated in the paradigms and exercises which follow.1
The rhythm
of these lines
depends on accent, as
in
English poetry,
not on quantity, as in classic Latin poetry.
.
CASES AND GENDERa.
19
The Vocativein
is
always the same as the Nominative,
except
the singular of nouns and adjectives in -us of the
second declension.'
b.
In neuters the Nominative and Accusative are always
alike,c.
andin
in the plural
end
in
a.
The Accusative
singular of
all
masculines and femininesins.
endsd.
m
;
the Accusative plural
The Dative and Ablative
jjlural
are always alike.
(LENDER47.
The gender
of
Latin nouns
is
determined partly,oftener by the
as in
English, by the meaning, but
much
termination.
General Rules of Gender
and months are masculine
Nouns -denoting males and names of rivers, winds, Cicero, Cicero : : aghcolsi, /un/nr ; Padus, Po ; aquilo, nortJi xvind ; l&xvixlxiViS, January denoting females and names of countries, 2. Nouns1.
towns,Tullia,pirns,
islands,
and trees are feminineAfrica,
:
regina,Sicilia,
queen
;
Tullia
;
Africa; Roma,
Rome ;
Sicily;
pear
tree.
.
20
FIRST YEAR LATIN
LESSON
I
FIRST DECLENSION
The Subject
NominativeModels
Case
Singular and Plural of Nouns and Verbs
48.
NounSing,hasta, speai'.
VerbSing,volat, Jlies.^
Plur.a.
hastae, spears.
Plur.
volant, fly.
Form
the plural of the nouns in the vocabulary, then the plural
of the verbs, according to the models.
49.
VOCABULARYNounsVerbsambulat, walks.cantat, sings.
columba,hasta,f.
f.
dove.(p. 43).
spear
nauta, m. sailor.puella, f girl..
natat,
swims.
saltat, dances.
sagitta,
f.
arrow.
sonat, soitnds, resounds.volat, ^/Vj, speeds on.
tuba,
f.
trtimpet (p. 35).
Conjunctionet,
Interrogative Pronounquis,
and.
who ?
quid,
what ?
50.1
Model
Sentences
Puella cantat, the girl sings.
2.
Puellae cantant, the girls sing.
3.
Cantatne puella, does the girl sing f
4.
Cantantne puellae, do the girls sing?is
1
Also
flying, does fly.
So of other
verbs.
F/RSr DECLENSIONa.
21translated^^'/r/,
In Latin there or the girl ;is
is
no
article:
puella
may be
a
^i^irl,
and
puellae, girls or the girls.
b. is
What
the subject in each of the?
model sentences, and whatnumber.
the predicatec.
Observe that the verbs agree with Observe that -neis
their subjects inis
d.
the sign of a question, but
not separately
translated (44, 3).51.
Rule.
Tlic subject of a verb is in the nominative.EXERCISES
52.I.
2. Hastae volant. I. Hasta volat. 3. Nauta natat. Nautae natant. 5. Ambulatne puella ? 6. Puellae ambu8. Sagitta volat. lant. 9. Sonatne 7. Columbaene volant } Puella natat. 12. Quis ambulat ? tuba? 10. Quis natat 14. Nautae cantant et saltant. 13. Nauta ambulat. 2. Do the sailors dance ? II. I. The sailor dances. 3. Who
4.
is
singingis
?
4.
Girls are singing.7.
5.
Whatflies.
is?
flying8.
?
6.
The
spear
flying.9.
Are trumpets resounding
Spears and
arrows
fly.
The dove walks and
Priest, Altar, .\nd Suppliant
I
22
FIRST YEAR LATIN
LESSON
IIContinued
FIRST D-ECLENSl^mThe Stem^ ends
in
a
The Direct Object53.
Accusative
Case
ParadigmSingularTerminations-a,
Nom.Gen.
hasta, a spear (as subject).\\?i's,\.a.e,
Dai.Ace.Abl.
of a spear, -or spear's. hastae, to or for a spear. hastam, a spear (as object).hasta, with,
-ae-ae
-am-a
from, by a spear.
PluralNo7n.Gen.hastae, spears (as subject).
-ae
hastarum, of spears, or spears\ha.stis, to
-arum-is^
Dat.Ace.Ad/.a.
or for spears.
liastas,
spears (as object).
-as-is
hastis, with,
from, by spears.
The
vocative, the case of address, has the
same form
as the
nominative.b.
For the locative
case, see 195-197.final letter
Terminations consist of case-endings joined with the;
of the stem
but sometimes the
final letter of the
stem disappears,
and sometimes the case-ending.
That part of the word which remainswhich the terminations are addedis
unchangedc.
in inflection,:
and
to
called the base
hast-.
Form
the nominative plural and the accusative singular and
plural of each1
ounis
in 55.
Form
the plural of the verbs.
body of the word to which endings are added to express the relation of the word to other words. 2 Filia, daughter, and dea, goddess, have the termination -abus in the dative and ablative plural.the
The stem
FIRST DECLENSION
2$
54. Rule of Gender. .Youns of the first declension are feminine unless they denote males.
55.
VOCABULARYNounsagricola,
Verbsamat, loves, likes.arat,
m. farmer.water.
aqua,
f
.
ploughs.
Galba, m. Galba.Stella,f. f.
habet, has.laudat, praises.videt, sees.
star.
terra,
land, country.
Interrogative Pronoun
Nom.Ace.
quis,
who ?
^
quid,
what ?
quern,
whom ?ModelSentences
quii,wAaif
56.1.
Agricola terram arat, the farmer ploughs the land.
2.
Nautae agricolas laudant, the sailors praise the farmers.
a.
Observe that terram
is
the object of arat,
and agricolas of
laudant./;.
Point out the objects in the sentences of 58. Imitate the order of the Latin in writing Latin sentences.
57.
Rule.
The
direct object of
a transitive verb
is
in the accusative.58.I.
EXERCISESI.
2. Tubasne laudat Galba? Nauta stellam videt. 5. Nautae Stellas vident. 6. Quis Galbam videt ? 7. Quern videt Galba ? 8. Galba, quis terram arat ? Agricola terram arat. 9. Arantne agricolae terram ? 10. Quid volat ? Sagitta volat.
Galba tubam laudat.4.
3.
Puellae tubas laudant.
II.
I.
Who4.
sailors are walking.
has land.
The sailor is walking. 2. The What has the farmer ? The farmer Does Galba praise the farmers ? 5. The girlis
walking?3.
sees the water
and the
land.
6.
Do
the girls love the doves
?
24
FIRST YEAR LATIN
LESSON
III
FIRST CONJUGATION A-VERBSAm5, amare (stem ama-), love59.
Latin verbs are divided into four classes or conjuga-
tions, distinguished
from one another by the stem vowelof the active infinitive present.distinguishing vowel a. " " e." " "e.i.
before the endingI.
-re
amare,
io love,
II.
vaonexe, io advise,xe^^xe, to rule,
III.
IV.
audire, to hear,
"
60.
ParadigmActive Indicative Present
Singular1st Person,
Personal Endings-5 (or -m),-s,-t,
amo, /
love,
am
loving, do love.
/.
2d Person,
amas, yoti love, are loving, do love.amat, he loves,is loving,
thou or you.he, she,it.
jd
Person,
does love.
Plural1st Person,
2d
Person,
amatis,
amamus, we love, are loving, do love yon love, are loving, do love.they love, are loving, do love.
-mus, we.-tis,
you.
jd
Person,a.
am ant,
-nt, they.
Observe that
in
am5
the final a of the stem disappears, givingis
amob.
instead of amao.
In what forms
the a not
marked long?ending in-nt.
In the preceding lessons verbs have been used only in the third-t,
person, in the singular ending in
and
in the plural
The above paradigm showsperson as well as number.61.
that verbs
change
their
ending to denote
Rule.
A verb agrees with its subject hi
number
and
person.
FIRST CONJUGATIONa.
2$it is
When
the subject
is
in the first or theis it
second person,
not
commonlyd.
expressed.
Whyis/le,
not necessary to express
it ?
When
no subject
expressed with the third person of theshe, it in the singular,
Latin verb, translate withplural.c.
and they
in
the
Like
amo
inflect
the following verbs in the active indicative
present.
62.
Indic.vtive Present
Infinitive Presentambulare, to walk.arare, to
3mbul5, / walk.aro,
I plough. canto, / sing. \a.u^o, I praise. nato, / swim. salto, / dance. sono, / sound.void,
plough.
cantare, to sing.
lauAare, to praise.natare, to
swim.
saltare, to dance.
sonare, to sound.volare, to fly.
I fly.
63.
EXERCISESI.
L
Ambulat,?
arat,
cantat.
2.
Arantne?4. 6.
cantantne
?
laudantne
3.5.
Natas, saltas, sonas.Aratis, cantatis, amatis.
Amamus, volamus,Ambulare, amant,8.
ambulamus.natat.7.
Cantare, ambulatis, laudamus.
Amat,
volare,
sonant.2. Do we n. I. I do swim, he swims, I am swimming. They are flying, he dance? we sing, does he praise? 3. loves, you walk. 4. You are praising, they swim, he does dance. 5. He ploughs, to swim, do they love ?
64.1.
CONVERSATIONQuis columbam amat?
Puella
columbam amat,
2.
Quem
laudas
?
3.
4.5.
Quid volat ? Arantne agricolae terramNautae, quem laudatis?
Galbam laud3. Columba volat.?
Terram
arant.
Agricolas laudamus.
26
FIRST YEAR LATIN
LESSONFIRST DECLENSION
IV
Continued
The Genitive Case65. a. Observe in the paradigm (53) that the genitive singular has the same form as the dative singular and the nominative plural.b.
Observe carefully
in the
paradigm the English equivalents of'
the genitive.c.
FormLike
the genitive singular and plural of the nouns in the follow-
ing vocabulary.d.
amo
inflect the
verbs
in the
vocabulary.
66.
VOCABULARYNounsVerbs ^f.
femina, -ae,ifilia,- -ae, f.
woman.fortune.
delecto, delectare, delight.
dajighter..
fugo, fugare, ptit to flight, rout.libero, liberare, set free, free.
fortiina, -ae, f
poeta, -ae,regina, -ae,
m. poet.f.
orno. ornare, adorn, deck.
queen.
portp, portare, carry, bring.
Interrogative PronounGen.cuius,
of whom
?
whose ? of what ?
67.
ModelFiliae nautae cantant,
Sentencesthe daug J '^'' daughters of the sailor { or,Ii^^ei.
sing,
the sailor'' s daughters sing.
,
2.
Columbaepuellarum volant,
or,
doves of the girls are flying, ^ the girls' doves are flying.is
'
1
In the vocabularies the genitive ending
added
to
show2.
the declen-
sion.2
For peculiarity
in declension of
filia,
see p. 22, foot-notewill
2
Hereafter the general meaning of the verb
be given, not the mean-
ing of any particular form.
FIRST DECLENSIONa.
2/dau^^hters, but onlylimits
Observe that nautae
limits flliae
;
not
all
those of the sailor are meant.
In the
same way puellarum
columbae.68.
Rule.
(/rnotiui> the
A noun uned to limit another, and not same pcrsoii or filing, is in the genitive.EXERCISESOrnamus, portant,4.
69.I.
I.
Delectat,3.
fugamus,
liberas.
2.
delectas.libero,6.
Delectamus, fugatis, liberant.5.
Liberatne
?
portamus.
Delectare, ornare, portare.
Columbas agricolarum liberant. 7. Fortima poetae regi8. Laudamus filias feminae. 9. Filiane Galbae 10. Stellae filias nautarum delectant. reginam ornat
nam
delectat.
?
II.
I.
I
plough the farmer's land.
2.
I
plough the farmers'4.
land.
3.
The
poets' daughters love the land.5.
They put?
to flight the girl's dove.6.
Do
they bring Galba's spears
They adorn70.1.
the queens' daughters.
CONVERSATIONFilia reginae poetam laudat. ? Amatisne Galbam ? Galbam amamus. Galbae hastam porto. Puella, cuius hastam portas ? Feminae rosae Cuius rosae (roses) puellam ornant ?
Quis poetam laudat
2.
3.
4.
puellam ornant,5.
Quid
portatis
?
Sagittas et
tubam portamus.
'Thine,
Roman, is the pilum, Roman, the sword is thine."
I
28
F/RS7^
YEAR LATIN
LESSON VSECOND CONJUGATION E- VERBSmoneo, monere (stem mone-), advise
71.
ParadigmActive Indicative Present
Singular1st Person,
2d Person,
moneo, / advise, a/n advising, do advise. mones, _y