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Flood Resilient Cities: the Blue-Green Advantage
Colin Thorne University of Nottingham and KCB/ESA
bluegreencities.ac.uk EPSRC Grant EP/K013661/1
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Blue-Green Cities aim to recreate a naturally oriented water cycle while
contributing to the amenity of the city by bringing together water management
and green infrastructure 1
Hoyer, J., Dickhaut, W., Kronawitter, L. and Weber B. 2011. Water Sensitive Urban Design. Jovis, University of Hamburg.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-Green_Cities
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City Authority and Community Communications
Model Existing Flood Risk
Management
Options for Hard/Soft Measures
Demonstration Case Study
Evaluate Multiple Flood Risk Benefits
Understand Citizens’
Behaviours
Blue-Green Cities Research Approach
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City Authority and Community Communications
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Initiation
Scoping and Context
Develop Shared VisionImplement
CaptureLeaning and
Action Alliance (LAA)
Adapted from Ashley et al., (2011)
City Authority and Community Communications
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1. Delivered 2. Possible to influence
3. Visionary
Inventory of EXISTING Blue-Green Infrastructure
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Newcastle urban core – Blue-Green Future
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Thorne et al. 2015. "Overcoming uncertainty and barriers to adoption of blue-green infrastructure for urban flood risk management" Journal of Flood Risk Management (in press).
Relative Dominant Uncertainties
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Understanding Citizens’
Behaviours
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Citizens’ views, beliefs and values – most people:
+ Like green spaces and streets, and traffic calming- Have low awareness and understanding of Blue-
Green Infrastructure- Don’t want to pay more for Blue-Green
Infrastructure- Don’t like the plants used in Bioswales
(culture/aesthetics)
Local people and communities:
•are the local experts - with useful local knowledge
•value Blue-Green Infrastructure once they understand it
•need to cooperate in maintaining BGI over the long-term
•need to feel ownership to make BGI solutions work
•must be engaged with prior to implementation of BGI
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Model Existing Flood Risk
Management
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CityCAT: Combined sewer and surface water flood model
couples surface + subsurface drainage networksmodels flooding due to:
rainfall + blocked sewers + sewer surcharge
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Flooded intersection paralyses rush hour traffic
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Initial pollutant levels mapped using GIS
BGI manages water quality as well as quantity
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Options for Hard/Soft Measures
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Source www.nwl.co.uk
Grey Options: Environmental performance
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Blue-Green Options: Environmental performance
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Storm water as a resource
(not just a hazard)
Blue-Green Options: Social performanceGrey-Green Options: Social performance
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Fratini et al.,(2012) Three Points Approach (3PA) for urban flood risk management.
Blue Condition
Green Condition
1. Blue-Green infrastructure provides required level of service for flood defence.
Designing for Exceedance
2. If extreme flooding occurs BGI facilitates managed urban conveyance and storage.
3. Green infrastructure and spaces used on a daily basis by communities and ecosystems.
+ Designing for non-flood conditions
= Benefits 24/7, 365 days a year……
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Evaluate Multiple Flood Risk Benefits
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Mining & quarry
ing
Chemicals,
etc
Non-metallic
Metals
Machinery, e
tc
Constructi
on
Wholesale tr
ade
Land tr
ansport
Warehousin
g & posta
l
IT service
s
Financial &
insu
rance
Real esta
te
Legal &
accounting
Head offices &
manag. c
o
Other pro
fessional se
rvi
Business
support
service
PAD (Public
Admin. & Def.)
Education
Health
Residential &
socia
l
Recreational se
rvices
Other service
s
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Indirect Damages and Distribution due to Newcastle flood
The Flood Footprint
Direct Damages = £129 M Indirect Damages = £102 M Trade and Business sectors most affected
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1498.5%
99.0%
99.5%
100.0%
Recovery path from Flooding in Newcastle
month
It took about 14 months for small businesses to recover
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BeST(Benefits of SuDS Tool)
W045d BeST–User Manual
Release version 1 July 2015
https://ciria.sharefile.com/share#view/9e79a9ddac8044b2
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Example: flood mitigation and carbon sequestration benefits, Brunton Park BGI, Newcastle
Q-GIS Benefit Mapping Software
The GIS creates benefit layers based on:
Benefit profile: contextualised values related to ‘who benefits’Benefit mapping: spatial extent and distribution Benefit dependency: complimentary and exclusivity of impacts
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Demonstration Case Study
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Clean Water For All 2014
http://www.bluegreencities.ac.uk/bluegreencities/research/clean-water-for-all.aspx
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Johnson Creek, Portland, Oregon, USA
Johnson Creek State of the Watershed Report 2012
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63 Flood prone properties acquired through Willing Sellers program
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500 year100 year
50 year10 year
Flood peak reduction benefits are strong and increase for longer
return period events
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Sediment deposition
25 to 40% incoming sediment load is deposited in
restored floodplain
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Sediment retention benefits are substantial and accrue
through time
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GIS used to map, quantify and value benefits
Reconstructing floodplain has resulted in some temporary disbenefits due
mostly to loss of trees
But reconstructed floodplain yields net benefits when
flooded, flooded beyond design capacity or not flooded at all.
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“what is required is a fundamental change in how we view flood management, from flood defence where we protect ourselves to one of resilience, living with and making space for water and the
opportunity to get “more from less” by seeing all forms of water as providing multiple benefits.”
Commission of Inquiry into flood resilience of the future titled ‘Living with water’, March 2015. All Party Group for Excellence in the Built Environment, House of Commons, London SW1A 0AA: p. 32, para. 3.
Take Home Message
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The research is being conducted as part of the Blue-Green Cities Research Consortium with support from the:
• UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council • Northern Ireland Rivers Agency• Environment Agency of England• National Science Foundation, USA• City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services, USA
bluegreencities.ac.uk EPSRC Grant EP/K013661/1