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Flower manipulation 27th May 2015
• Brief overview of project
• Brief discussion about understanding of flowering in mango and manipulation tools
• Presentation of ethephon and KNO3 trials 2014/15
• Proposed next steps
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Short term• Optimisation of existing chemicals
KNO3
EthephonPaclobutrazol
• Better use of weather data
Medium term• New genetics
• NMBP• New chemicals
Longer term• New tools
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Bud age: 90 days.
Preferentially second flush buds
leaves recurved
Aspect “stand by”, grayish leaf color, aspect crunchy
Low nitrogen content: 1.0 – 1.3%
Plant condition for floral induction (Brazil)
Plant condition for floral induction (Brazil)
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Phenological cycle0 50DAYS
EN
D O
F H
AR
VE
ST
0 30 40 50 60 130 160 180 190 200 210 240 290 300 DAYS
HA
RV
ES
T
700
600
400
200
0 F
ruit
wei
ght
- g
PR
UN
ING
AN
D
FERTIL
IZATIO
N
STA
RT F
LUSH
ING
CU
LTA
R
GR
OW
TH
STO
PPED
- E
TH
EPH
ON
Beg
inn
ing
flora
l in
du
ctio
n
Flora
l in
du
ctio
n F
inis
hed
Fl
ow
eri
ng
st
art
s Fu
ll flow
eri
ng
FL
OW
ER
ING
FIN
ISH
ED
F
IRS
T F
RU
IT A
BO
RTIO
N
SEC
ON
D F
RU
IT A
BO
RTIO
N
Growth curve of fruits.
K2Olinha da NIL
CO
EF
ICIE
NT
- K
cPOTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION – ETp 1,000,900,800,700,600,500,400,300,200,100,00
VEGETATIVE PHASE / FLUSH MATURATION WATER STRESSDORMENCY
(RETORNO)2nd
Fruit Abortion
FRUITGROWTH
Fruit induction
HA
RV
ES
T
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What assists Mango flowering
• Mature leaves, recurved, hard green, crunchie
• Cool weather (<20oC)
• Growth (At the right time)
• Paclobutrazol (Cultar® Payback ®)
• Ethephon (Ethrel ® Galleon ®)
• KNO3 (Nitrate)
• Cincturing (Potentially Destructive)
• Low leaf N levels (<?)
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Delaying growth using ethephon
Use ethephon to prevent vegetative growth after the wet
Use ethephon to hold a second vegetative flush after the wet
Use ethephon to spread flower initiation both on an individual farm or within a district
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Properties of Ethephon
Label; temperature >18oC and <32oC
Many crops use non-ionic wetters
Store product in Cool location(4oC vs 45oC)
DO NOT apply to weak or stressed plants.
DO NOT apply if rain is expected within 8 hours of application.
DO NOT mix with hard (alkaline) water.
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Ethephon
Registration application prepared by AMIA
Permit granted
Needs follow up research for final registration
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Time (24h)
0 500 1000 1500 2000Tem
perature/Relative H
undity/ Wind S
peed
0
20
40
60
80
100
Temperature (oC)Relative Humidity (%)Wind speed (Km/h)
Why are we spraying at night?
Low temperatures
Less wind
Slower drying
but
Stomata closed
Darwin weather 15.06.2014
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TreatmentsSpray 8/05/2014 Treatment 1 Water plus LI700 1ml/lTreatment 2 290 g ai/ha (0.67 ml/L) ethephon plus 1ml/l LI700 Treatment 3 580 g ai/ha (1.34 ml/L) ethephon plus 1ml/l LI700 Treatment 4 870 g ai/ha (2.01 ml/L) ethephon plus 1ml/l LI700 Treatment 5 3% KNO3 plus 1ml/l LI700
Spray 21/05/2014
Repeat
Spray 10/06/2014 “Turned irrigation on”
12 trees of 25 with 3% KNO3 plus 1ml/l LI700
Spray 12/06/ 2014
Same 12 trees of 25 with 1.5% KNO3 plus 1ml/l LI700
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Flowering Date
Predicted Harvest date
10-May 29- Aug20-May 9- Sep30 - May 19- Sep
1-Jun 20-Sep5-Jun 24-Sep
10-Jun 29-Sep15-Jun 4-Oct20-Jun 7-Oct25-Jun 12-Oct30-Jun 16-Oct5-Jul 20-Oct
10-Jul 24-Oct15-Jul 28-Oct20-Jul 1-Nov30-Jul 9-Nov
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Importance of South Easterlies
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Date 2014
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
Te
mp
era
ture
oC
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Darwin Temperatures (o C) 2014
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Sprayed with 3% KNO3 10/6/2014 and 1.5% KNO3 on 12/6/2014
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Stage 1 Stage 2
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Stage 3 Stage 4
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Stage 5
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Treatment Flowering East Flowering WestWater 0.0 0.0KNO3 4.8 5.4
Ethephon 290 0.0 0.0Ethephon 580 0.0 0.0Ethephon 870 0.1 0.0
Response 10th June 2014
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Plus KNO3 Minus KNO3
Side West East West EastWater 44.4 56.4 26.9 51.0KNO3 41.9 38.3 35.0 36.0
Ethephon 290
54.7 61.1 42.9 57.2
Ethephon 580
50.5 55.9 32.5 32.1
Ethephon 870
45.0 53.8 41.0 48.1
Response 10th August 2014
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Flush stage
Treatment 1 2 3 4 5
water OK OK OK OK OK
290 g ai/ha X? X X X OK
580 g ai/ha X? X X X OK
870 g ai/ha X? X X X X
1160 g ai/ha X X (X) X (X) X (X) X
Observations
Variable response on buds, killed outer scale leaves
Highest dose killed shoots
Highest dose effected light green fully expanded leaves
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High dose killed shootsDefoliated shoots
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2015 trials18th March• Control (Bugmaster)• 1% K2SO4
• Ethephon 580g ai/ha, plus LI700 18th April• Ethephon 960g ai/ha plus LI700 • 2.5% KNO3 (5 rows) plus LI700
21st May• 2.5% KNO3 (The farm) plus LI700
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March April MayDate
Mon 16 Mon 30 Mon 13 Mon 27 Mon 11 Mon 25
Tem
pera
ture
(oC)
0
10
20
30
40 Cum
ula
tive h
ours
belo
w 2
0o C
2015
100
200
300
400
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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
R² = 0.830775803644346
FloweredLinear (Flowered)No Flowers
Chill Sum (Below 20 degrees over flushing period)
Flus
hing
Per
iod
(day
s)B74
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Next steps
• Describe ethephon effects on leaves
• Review Paclobutrazol use.
• Investigate factors affecting KNO3 uptake. Formulation, Boron and Zinc, Wetters, time of day, concentration, leaf age as part of bigger N program
• Assess the role of K2SO4 on flush development