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FLOWERS AND REPRODUCTIONDr. Gough
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FIGURE 09.07A: (A) THE SEPALS OF THIS ROSE FORM A TIGHT COVERING OVER THE REST OF THE FLOWER AS IT DEVELOPS, PROTECTING THE INNER PARTS.
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FLOWER STRUCTURE
Ovary Position Protect ovary from pollinators
Fig. 9-28
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FLOWER STRUCTURE
Stem with leaf-like structures Terminology
• Pedicel and receptacle• Complete vs. incomplete flowers• Sepals (calyx)• Petals (corolla)• Stamens (androecium)• Carpels (gynoecium)
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REPRODUCTION
Two forms of reproduction Produce identical genetic copies Produce genetically different offspring
What conditions favor which form? How does sexual reproduction produce
genetically different offspring? Some plants reproduce both ways
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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Many methods Fragmentation Rhizomes Stolons
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FIGURE 09.02C: (C) ALL THE TREES IN THIS PHOTOGRAPH ARE A PART OF THE SAME PLANT, EACH A SPROUT FROM A SINGLE ROOT SYSTEM.
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
In angiosperms, requires flowers Plant Life Cycle
Think of human/animal life cycle Meiosis Fertilization Mitosis
More complicated in plants “alternation of generations”
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FIGURE 09.13: THIS IS THE TIP OF A GROWING POLLEN TUBE. IT WAS TREATED TO MAKE THE NUCLEI FLUORESCE SO THAT THEY CAN BE FOUND DESPITE BEING SO SMALL.
Courtesy of S. Muccifora
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fertilization Following pollination Pollen tube growths through style to ovule
opening One sperm nucleus fertilizes egg Second sperm nucleus migrates into central cell
Only in angiosperms Becomes endosperm
“Double fertilization”
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Embryo and Seed Development Zygote continues dividing, growing Embryo
Radicle Hypocotyl Epicotyl
Monocotyledon Dicotyledon
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FIGURE 09.19A: (A) THIS BEAN SEED HAS BEGUN GERMINATING; THE RADICLE HAS EXTENDED AND WILL DEVELOP INTO A TAPROOT.
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FIGURE 09.19C: (C) THE SMALL LEAVES PRESENT ON THE EPICOTYL ARE EXPANDING DURING GERMINATION.
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fruit Development Fruit is a mature ovary
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FIGURE 09.21: IN APPLES, THE PETALS DIE AND FALL OFF AFTER POLLINATION.
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FIGURE 09.22B: (B) COCONUTS IN STORES ARE USUALLY JUST THE ENDOCARP AND SEED.
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FLOWER STRUCTURE AND CROSS-POLLINATION
Role of flowers in pollen and seed dispersal Cross-pollination
Vs. self-pollination Stamen and style maturation times Stigma and pollen incompatibility
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FLOWER STRUCTURE AND CROSS-POLLINATION
Monoecious and dioecious species Imperfect vs. perfect flowers Monoecy Dioecy
Fig. 9-25
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FLOWER STRUCTURE AND CROSS-POLLINATION
Animal-pollinated flowers Coevolution between plants and pollinators
Plant-insect pollination began about 120 mya What traits were favored? Some birds and bats pollinate too
Flower shape Actinomorphic/regular vs. zygomorphic
Usually positive relationship, but cheaters on both sides
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FRUIT TYPES AND SEED DISPERSAL
More co-evolution! Seed (fruit) dispersal agents
Gravity Wind Water Animals
Often division of labor within fruit