Download - Folk and Popular Culture
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Folk and Popular Culture
Woman with Oxcart, Myanmar
Insanely Rad Scot, with Kilt and Three-Fin Thruster
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The Forbidden CityBeijing, China
2004
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Beijing, China2004
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Important Terminology
• Folk Culture – traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation.
• Popular Culture – found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in personal characteristics.
• Material Culture – the physical objects produced by a culture in order to meet its material needs: food, clothing, shelter, arts, and recreation. Carl Sauer (Berkeley, 1930s – 1970s).
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Important Terms
• Custom – frequent repetition of an act until it becomes characteristic of a group of people..
• Taboo – a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.
• Habit – repetitive act performed by an individual.
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Folk Culture – rapidly changing and/or disappearing throughout much of the
world.
Turkish Camel Market
Portuguese Fishing Boat
Guatemalan Market
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• Stable and close knit
• Usually a rural community
• Tradition controls
• Resistance to change
• Buildings erected without architect or blueprint using locally available building materials
• anonymous origins, diffuses slowly through migration. Develops over time.
• Clustered distributions: isolation/lack of interaction breed uniqueness and ties to physical environment.
Folk Culture
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FOLK ARCHITECTURE
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FOLK ARCHITECTURE
Effects on Landscape: usually of limited scale and scope.
Agricultural: fields, terraces, grain storage
Dwellings: historically created from local materials: wood, brick, stone, skins; often uniquely and traditionally arranged; always functionally tied to physical environment.
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• Stable and close knit
• Usually a rural community
• Tradition controls
• Resistant to change
• Buildings erected without architect or blueprint using locally available building materials
• anonymous origins, diffuses slowly through migration. Develops over time.
• Clustered distributions: isolation/lack of interaction breed uniqueness and ties to physical environment.
Folk Culture
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FOLK FOOD
How did such differences develop?
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Hog Production and Food Cultures
Fig. 4-6: Annual hog production is influenced by religious taboos against pork consumption in Islam and other religions. The highest production is in China, which is largely Buddhist.
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U.S. House Types by Region
Small towns in different regions of the eastern U.S. have different combinations of five main traditional house types.
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North American Folk Culture Regions
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Food Taboos: Jews – can’t eat animals that chew cud, that have cloven feet; can’t mix meat and milk, or eat fish lacking fins or scales; Muslims – no pork; Hindus – no cows (used for oxen during monsoon)
Washing Cow in Ganges
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Popular CultureClothing: Jeans, for example,
and have become valuable status symbols in many regions including Asia and Russia despite longstanding folk traditions.
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Popular CultureWide Distribution: differences from place to
place uncommon, more likely differences at one place over time.
Housing: only small regional variations, more generally there are trends over time
Food: franchises, cargo planes, superhighways and freezer trucks have eliminated much local variation. Limited variations in choice regionally, esp. with alcohol and snacks. Substantial variations by ethnicity.
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A Mental Map of Hip Hop
Fig. 4-3: This mental map places major hip hop performers near other similar performers and in the portion of the country where they performed.
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Diffusion of TV, 1954–1999Television has diffused widely since the 1950s, but some areas still have low numbers of TVs per population.
Much media is still state-
controlled. Ten Most Censored Countries:1. North Korea2. Myanmar (Burma)3. Turkmenistan4. Equatorial Guinea5. Libya6. Eritrea7. Cuba8. Uzbekistan9. Syria10. BelarusSource: The Committee to Protect
Journalists. www.cpj.org.
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Internet Connections
The Internet is diffusing today, but access varies widely.
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Internet Connections
The Internet is diffusing today, but access varies widely. Some countries censor the Internet, but this is much harder to do.
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Popular CultureEffects on Landscape: creates
homogenous, “placeless” (Relph, 1976), landscape
Complex network of roads and highways
Commercial Structures tend towards ‘boxes’
Dwellings may be aesthetically suggestive of older folk traditions
• Planned and Gated Communities more and more common
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Surfing at Disney’s Orlando Typhoon Lagoon
Are places still tied to local landscapes?Disconnect with landscape: indoor swimming pools? desert surfing?
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Swimming Pool, West Edmonton Mall, Canada
Dubai’s Indoor Ski Resort
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Muslim Women in Traditional Dress at Indoor Ski Resort
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Problems with the Globalization of Culture
Often Destroys Folk Culture – or preserves traditions as museum pieces or tourism gimmicks.
Mexican Mariachis; Polynesian Navigators; Cruise Line Simulations
Change in Traditional Roles and Values; Polynesian weight problems
Satellite Television, Baja California
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Western Media Imperialism? U.S., Britain, and Japan dominate
worldwide media. Glorified consumerism, violence, sexuality,
and militarism? U.S. (Networks and CNN) and British
(BBC) news media provide/control the dissemination of information worldwide.
These networks are unlikely to focus or provide third world perspective on issues important in the LDCs.
Problems with the Globalization of Popular Culture
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Environmental Problems with Cultural Globalization
Accelerated Resource Use through Accelerated Consumption
• Furs: minx, lynx, jaguar, kangaroo, whale, sea otters (18th Century Russians) fed early fashion trends.
• Consumerism evident in most Western Media fashions, including hip hop and rock and roll.
• Inefficient over-consumption of Meats (10:1), Poultry (3:1), even Fish (fed other fish and chicken) by meat-eating pop cultures
Mineral Extraction for Machines, Plastics and Fuel New larger housing desires and associated energy and water
use. Golf courses use valuable water and destroy habitat worldwide.
Pollution: waste from fuel generation and discarded products, plastics, marketing and packaging materials
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Beijing, China
Palm Springs, CA
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Marlboro Man in Egypt
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Forbes Hip Hop Cash Kings, 2007
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Fiji
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Suburban Sprawl, Arizona
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“Progress?”