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Food and Environmental Safety and the New Crops
Peggy G. LemauxUniversity of California, Berkeley
Food and Environmental Safety and the New Crops
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December 24, 2003
U.S. Gets First Case of Mad Cow DiseaseBy JEFFREY SPARSHOTT
The United States reported its first case of mad cow disease yesterday. The disease -- officially known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE -- is a chronic, degenerative disorder that attacks the central nervous system of cattle. It has been linked to a fatal brain-wasting disease in humans and has devastated international cattle trade from affected nations.
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Factors fueling the controversy in Europe:
• Food safety scares, “They let mad cow disease happen; how can we know the new GM foods are safe?”
• Involuntary nature of the change, “Why weren't we told we were eating these things?”,
• Cultural differences, “We like our foods just the way they are!”, and
• Economic incentives, “European farm subsidies are the highest in the world”.
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Are there any foods produced through biotechnology in the supermarket
today?
1997 1999 1999 2000 2001 20022003
• Yes 40% 33% 38% 43% 36% 35% 36%
• No 37% 47% 38% 23% 44% 34% 34%
• Don’t Know/Refused 23% 20% 24% 34% 20% 31% 30%
IFIC
Feb. Oct. May Jan. Aug. Apr.
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IFIC
What, if anything are you concerned about when it comes to food safety?
2001 2001 20022003
• Packaging 27% 18% 17%15%
• Food Handling/Preparation 23% 38% 42%41%
• Other 19% 12% 7% 9%• Disease/Contamination 16% 32% 41%
28%• Chemicals/Pesticides in Food 10% 5% 8% 7%• Altered/Engineered Food 2% 2% 2% 1%
• Nothing 9% 3% 4% 5%
Jan. Sept. Aug. Apr.
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How much confidence do you have infederal government to ensure safety
of food supply in U.S.?
15%61%19%
5% --
GREAT DEAL
FAIR AMOUNT
NOT MUCH
NONE
NO OPINION
Gallup poll conducted September 23-26, 1999
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Nonexhaustive List ofIssues with GMO Foods
• Food Safety
• Environmental
• Socioeconomical/Ethical
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Risk: Determined quantitatively
Safety: Acceptable risk
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Brazil nut protein introduced intosoybean to improve nutritional quality
Brazil nut protein introduced intosoybean to improve nutritional quality
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Creation of hypoallergenic rice
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SOURCE: Tony Cavalieri, Pioneer
Data Requirements for Approval of Genetically Enhanced Products
• Toxicology and Allergenicity– Detailed review of the safety data– Testing for allergenicity– No transfer of food allergens– In vitro digestibility– Heat stability– Oral toxicity testing in mice (100 x normal
consumption)
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Kraft Food recalls all taco shells soldnationwide under Taco Bell Brand
S O U R C E : W a sh i n g t o n P o s t , S e p t em b er 1 9 , 2 0 0 0
Kraft Food recalls all taco shells soldnationwide under Taco Bell Brand
S O U R C E : W a sh i n g t o n P o s t , S e p t em b er 1 9 , 2 0 0 0
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Large Scale Grain Movement by RailLarge Scale Grain Movement by Rail
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Inadvertent Creation of Allergens
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Horizontal Gene Transfer and
Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
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There is mounting evidence that the use ofantibiotics in animal feed is compromising the
effectiveness of antibiotics to combathuman health problems.
S O U R C E : " W o r r ie s R is e O v e r E ffe c t o f A n tib io tic s in A n im a l F e e d ,
W a s h in g to n P o s t, M a r c h 1 7 , 2 0 0 0 , p a g e A 0 1 , b y M a r c K a u fm a n
There is mounting evidence that the use ofantibiotics in animal feed is compromising the
effectiveness of antibiotics to combathuman health problems.
S O U R C E : " W o r r ie s R is e O v e r E ffe c t o f A n tib io tic s in A n im a l F e e d ,
W a s h in g to n P o s t, M a r c h 1 7 , 2 0 0 0 , p a g e A 0 1 , b y M a r c K a u fm a n
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Environmental Issues• Unintended Effects on Insect Pests
• Development of Weeds Resistant to Herbicides
• Movement of Genes to Other Plants
• Loss of Genetic Diversity
• Increased Herbicide Usage
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Environmental Safety• Speed of soil degradation• Impact on soil invertebrates
– Earthworms• Impact on aquatic invertebrates
– Daphnia• Impact on beneficial insects
– Ladybugs, parasitic wasps,honeybees and lacewings• Impact on fish
– Trout• Impact on birds
– Quail• Impact on mammals
– Mice• Insect resistance management
SOURCE: Syngenta
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September 8, 2001
Data on Genetically Modified Corn Reports Say Threat to Monarch
Butterflies Is 'Negligible’
By ANDREW POLLACK
Genetically modified corn poses a "negligible" risk to monarch butterflies, according to a package of six papers that will soon be published in a scientific journal. The papers, the most comprehensive peer-reviewed publications on this issue, could lay to rest one of the biggest controversies over genetically modified crops.
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Parasitoid wasp of canola pest not affected byB.t. canola, making it ecologically superior toconventional insecticides that kill the wasp.
S O U R C E : P o p p y e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 . P a ra s it o i d b eh a v i o u r a n d B t
p l a n t s . N at u re 4 0 0 : 8 2 5 .
Parasitoid wasp of canola pest not affected byB.t. canola, making it ecologically superior toconventional insecticides that kill the wasp.
S O U R C E : P o p p y e t a l . , 1 9 9 9 . P a ra s it o i d b eh a v i o u r a n d B t
p l a n t s . N at u re 4 0 0 : 8 2 5 .
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Production agricultureversus
organic production
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Development of herbicide resistantweedy species
RYEGRASSLolium rigidum
GOOSEGRASSEleusine indica (L.)
HORSEWEEDConyza canadensis (L.)
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Movement of genes from cultivated crops to wild, weedy species
Wild radish
Buchan weed
Charlock
Brassica tournefortiiCanola
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Gene flow from rice toweedy, red rice
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Genetic Modification Taints Corn in MexicoS O U R C E : N e w Y o r k T im e s , O c to b e r 2 , 2 0 0 1
Genetic Modification Taints Corn in Mexico
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SOURCE: AMS National Organic Program Q&ASOURCE: AMS National Organic Program Q&A
Gene movement to organic crops
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Altered Crops Draw Protests, Pro and Con
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