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FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESSA microbiology review
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Challenges to control
– Poor consumer handling of food– Emerging pathogens have increased
resistance– Food supply is global– More food is eaten outside of home– New modes of transmission
FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESS
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FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESS
Types of Contamination
– Physical • Metal shavings, broken glass, wood splinters,
bandages
– Chemical • Cleansers, metal leaching (copper, lead,
cadmium), pesticides
– Biological • Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites
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FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESS
• Food infection– Bacteria are consumed– Body reacts by raising temperature- fever– Longer incubation
• Food intoxication– Toxin contaminated food is eaten– Shorter incubation
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FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESS
Limiting factors of microbial growth
– Time– Temperature
– Moisture (Aw>0.85)– pH– Nutrients– Competition
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FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESS
FOOD CONTACT
SURFACES
VERMIN
FOOD HANDLERS
WATER
PACKAGING
INGREDIENTS
SOIL
AIR
PATHWAYS OF CONTAMINATION
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FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESS
• Centers for Disease Control
• Top 4 emerging pathogens– E.coli 0157:H7– Salmonella enteriditis– Listeria monocytogenes– Campylobacter jejuni
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FOODBORNE ILLNESSFOODBORNE ILLNESS
• CDC estimates:– 6.5-33 million FBI cases each year
• Highly under-reported
– E.coli causes about 21,000 cases each year
– Salmonella causes 2-4 million illnesses/yr.– Campylobacter cause 1-6 million cases/yr.
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Escherichia coli
– Infection– Incubation: 3-4 days– Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, mild fever– Foods: undercooked ground beef,
unpasteurized cider– Source: Human and bovine intestinal tract
BACTERIABACTERIA
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Campylobacter jejuni
– Infection– Incubation: 2-5 days – Symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting,
headache, fever, muscle pain– Foods: poultry, dairy products, water– Sources: intestinal tracts of wild/
domestic animals
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Salmonella enteriditis
– Infection– Incubation: 12- 36 hours– Symptoms: abdominal cramps, headache,
fever, nausea, diarrhea– Foods: poultry, meat, eggs and egg products,
sliced melons– Sources: water, soil, insects, animals, and
humans
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Listeria monocytogenes
– Infection– Incubation: 3 to 70 days– Symptoms: flu-like, meningitis, encephalitis,
spontaneous abortion• Fetuses, infants, and pregnant women
– Foods: unpasteurized milk, ice cream, ready-to-eat, lunchmeats
– Sources: soil, water, damp environments, domestic/ wild animals (esp. fowl)
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Clostridium perfringens
– Infection• Forms spores in adverse conditions
– Incubation: 10- 12 hours– Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea
• Fever, headache, vomiting usually absent
– Foods: Stews, gravies, beans– Sources: soil, animal and human intestinal tracts
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Clostridium botulinum
– Intoxication– Incubation: 4 hours to 8 days– Symptoms: vomiting; constipation; difficulty with
vision, swallowing, speaking; paralysis, death– Foods: baked potatoes, sous vide, garlic/ oil mixtures,
low-acid canned foods– Sources: present on almost all foods, soil, water
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Staphylococcus aureus
– Intoxication– Incubation: 1 to 7 hours– Symptoms: nausea, retching,
abdominal cramps, diarrhea– Foods: ready-to-eat, reheated
foods, dairy products, protein foods
– Source: skin, hair, nose, throat, infected sores, animals
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BACTERIABACTERIA
Bacillus cereus
– Intoxication– Incubation: 30 min. to 6 hours (emetic) and 6
to 15 hours (diarrheal)– Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, watery
diarrhea– Foods: rice products, starchy foods,
casseroles, puddings, soups– Source: soil and dust, cereal crops
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VIRUSES
Basic characteristics
– Need living cell to propagate– Do not reproduce in food– Do not need PHF– Smallest microbial contaminant– Spread usually result of poor hygiene
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VIRUSES
Hepatitis A
– Infection– Incubation: 10-50 days– Symptoms: sudden fever, vomiting,
jaundice– Foods: water (ice), shellfish, ready-to-
eat, fruit juices, vegetables– Source: human intestinal/ urinary tracts
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Norwalk virus
– Infection – Incubation: 10-50 hours– Symptoms: nausea, diarrhea,
headache, mild fever– Foods: water, shellfish, raw vegetables
and fruits– Source: human intestinal tract, water
VIRUSES
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VIRUSES
Rotavirus
– Infection– Incubation: 1-3 days– Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, mild fever– Foods: ready-to-eat, water and ice– Sources: human intestinal tract, water
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FUNGI
Molds
– Usually spoil foods, sometimes illness
– Sweet, acidic, low Aw foods
– Some produce aflatoxins (peanuts)
– Gorgonzola, bleu, Brie, Camembert cheeses, mushrooms
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FUNGI
Yeasts
– Spoil food
– Produce CO2 and alcohol
– Prefer sweet, acidic, Aw foods
• Jams, jellies, syrup, honey, fruit juice
Yeast colony growing on pizza
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PARASITES
Basic characteristics
– Living organisms – Require a host – Usually killed by freezing (and cooking)– Normal fauna in many animals
• Hogs, cats, rodents, fish, etc.
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PARASITES
Trichinella spiralis
– Roundworm– Incubation: 2-28 days– Symptoms: flu-like, swelling around eyes,
extreme sweating, hemorrhaging– Foods: undercooked pork, game– Source: domestic pigs, bear, walrus
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PARASITES
Anisakis simplex
– Roundworm– Incubation: hours to 2 weeks– Symptoms: tickle in throat, coughing up worms– Foods: undercooked, improperly frozen seafood– Source: marine fish- bottom feeders
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PARASITES
Giardia lamblia
– Protozoan– Incubation: 3-25 days– Symptoms: fatigue, nausea, gas,
weight loss, abdominal cramps– Foods: water, ice, raw vegetables– Source: beavers, bears, dogs, cats,
humans
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PARASITES
Cryptosporidium parvum
– Protozoan– Incubation: 1-12 days– Symptoms: severe diarrhea, may have no
symptoms– Foods: water, raw foods, unpasteurized cider,
ready-to-eat– Source: humans, cattle, barn-wash
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PARASITES
Cyclospora cayetanensis
– Protozoan– Incubation: days to weeks– Symptoms: watery diarrhea, weight loss, bloating,
cramps, vomiting, muscle aches– Foods: water, marine fish, raw milk, raw produce– Source: humans, water
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References: www.slideshare.net