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Foreign Affairs: The Most Popular Countries in Debating Motions
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Outline
• Somalia• North Korea• Iran• Afghanistan• Israel & Palestine• …and a bit on Pakistan
Credits to: Jordan Anderson
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Somalia
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Somalia
• Used to be functioning– Up to 1950s – an Italian colony– 1950s-80s – a dictatorship (but a
functioning one!)
• Status Quo– UN/US forces pulled out in early
1990s (“Black Hawk Down”)– several groups competing for
power
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Pirates
• Many are former fishermen– After state failed, had to turn to
piracy– Part of moral blame is on
Western Fishing Corporations
• Wrongdoings– Attacking civilians– Hijacking Saudi oil tankers– Kidnapping tourists from
neighboring countries
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Al-Shabaab (“The Youth”)
• A militant Islamist group• Goal: set up an Islamic state
with Sharia laws• Has ties with Al-Qaeda• Love-hate relationship with
pirates– Cooperation against transitional
government– But mutual blackmail and conflicts
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Transitional Federal Government
• Small Western- and African Union-backed government
• Controlling only parts of Mogadishu
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Somaliland• A de-facto independent state– Secession after the collapse of
Somalia
• Established a decent governance; maintains law & peace
• Not recognized by any country
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Motions
Proposition Stop piracy
Restore law & orderLong-term economic growth
Smash Al-Shabaab (training base of Al-Qaeda)
Functioning government CAN be built
OppositionTurn to guerilla warTurn to religious war
Attract other Islamist militias
Piracy “is morally acceptable”Western Fishing Companies
• THW invade Somalia
• THW covertly fund pirates & Al-Shabaab to fight each other
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North Korea
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North Korea
• Split after WW2• Nuclear weapons– Not many, but exist– However, launching capabilities
are extremely poor
• China sort of supports NK
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Motions
PropositionEntire regime based on a
family heritageMoral justificationAll are guilty
OppositionArmy and generals will
struggle for powerCivil war or NK vs. SK war
• THW assassinate Kim Jong-un – and his family
• THW allow North Korea to have nukes Proposition
Control & transparency Remove fear of invasion -> NK
less paranoid Balance of powers (US-CN-NK)
Opposition Very risky & unstable NK may invade SK / sell nuclear
R&D to other bad countries Spiral of countries getting nukes
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Iran
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Iran• 1979 – Islamic Revolution• Ayatolla – religious leader– Also adopts all the laws– Elements of democracy
• Since 1980s – IR supports foreign terrorist groups
• Status Quo– “Arab spring” among urban youth– Nukes; originally obtained
“because Iraq had them”– Want to be dominant power;
counter Israel
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Terrorist groups• Currently Iran funds:– Hezbollah (Lebanon)
Make Lebanon Islamic
– Hamas (Palestine)Destroy Israel
• Possible reasons– Genuinely anti-Israeli– Use conflicts to distract attention
from Iran– Provoke sanctions (by denying
Holocaust etc.) to profit from the black market (e.g. satellite dishes)
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Motions
Proposition Similar to LibyaOpposition to regime
OppositionReligious insurgencyBig country that hates NATO
• THW invade Iran
• THW give Iran money / security technology Proposition
Want security -> get it
Opposition “Blame West” policyHelp incumbents’ vested
interests in the black market
• THW allow Iran to have nukes
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Afghanistan
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Afghanistan
• Best times – kingdom up to 1980s• 1979 – Soviet invasion; pretty
much destroyed the state• Mujahedeen drove Soviets out –
but Somalia-style lawless little states were created
• In the beginning the Taliban acted against Mujahedeen– Wanted to impose law & order
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Status Quo
• NOT ideological war, rather Taliban insurgence– Personal (clan) grievances– Political factions– Lack of centralized administration
• Pashtuns – majority of AF’s population; mountaineers– Not everyone, but most of the Taliban is Pashtun– No national identity, no will for central government
• NATO forces & Karzai regime – deeply corrupt– Corruption is often the only way to control some provinces
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Motions
Proposition Different factions , each wants
peace & order Can buy them off
The only way for a valid democracy
Opposition The new regime will impose many
things against Human Rights Hard to negotiate – no clear leader Have to accept their ways to make
money, i.e. poppies and heroin
• THW include the Taliban
• THW get (the hell) out of Afghanistan now Proposition
Everyone failed ruling themExtremely hard to fight
Mountains Tribal rules to help everyone
Opposition Worse than SQ (poppies + Al-
Qaeda) Moral responsibility to current allies Counter-plan: more intelligent
funding! (e.g. Soviets in 1980s)
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Israel & Palestine
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Israel & Palestine
• Jewish migration began as early as in 1920s– Zionists moving to British Mandate of Palestine
• 1948 – War of Independence• 1973 – October War• 1982 – peace agreement with Egypt• 1987 and 2000 – Intifadas (internal
uprisings against Israel)
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• Israel – Jewish state• West Bank – 100+ Israeli settlements– 300,000+ Israelis– 1,000,000+ Arabs
• Jerusalem – a divided city• Golan Heights – 20,000+ Israelis• Gaza Strip – under blockade by IL army– HAMAS opposes that
Status Quo
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Motions
Proposition A huge part of IL budget,
esp. military, is US-funded Meanwhile, Palestine
depends on US/EU support
Opposition Hamas is funded by IR; if it wins
over Palestine, no more peace IL will develop a “siege
mentality” US/EU support is merely
helicopters etc. – IL still can oppress others
• THBT the West should stop ALL funding until they come to peace
• THW remove settlements Proposition
Territory captured in war Under Geneva convention,
a state is not allowed to settle its citizens there
Opposition IL as a whole is not quite legitimate Geneva convention’s aim was to prevent
ethnic cleansing Removing settlers is ethnic cleansing
People are already there, it is intrinsically bad to drive them out
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Pakistan
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Pakistan
• Both PK and IN want Kashmir• Problems with Islamist militants• Both are nuclear nations– Threat of nukes being stolen is real
• Pakistani intelligence has links with Al-Qaeda
• North-West inhabited by Pushtuns– Problems with AF
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Thank you for your attention!
Q&A