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FORMING A NEW REPUBLICChapter 9
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1ST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Held in 1789Washington won, becoming our 1st presidentWas inaugurated, or sworn in as president in NYCRunner up was John Adams and he became VP
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FEDERAL JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789
Created the federal court systemEstablished 6 justices for Supreme Court (now its 9) John Jay appointed by Washington as 1st Chief Justice of Supreme Court
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CABINET- ADVISE THE PRESIDENT
Secretary of War (now called Secretary of Defense): Henry Knox (in charge of military defense)
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson (dealt with other countries)
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton (manages gov’t $)
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DEBT PROBLEM
State and national gov’t borrowed money to win the revolution (from other countries and private citizens) and had to pay that money back
The gov’t also promised to pay soldiers with back pay plus interest for fighting in the revolution
1789 debt= $52 million
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HAMILTON’S SOLUTIONS TO FINANCIAL PROBLEMS
3 step plan: Pay off all war debts, raise gov’t revenue, and create a national bank
Also wanted the national gov’t to pay off the war debts of the states
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CONTROVERSY OVER DEBT REPAYMENT
Southern states objected to the federal gov’t paying off states war debts bc many southern states were almost paid off
In exchange for their support, the gov’t promised to move the nations capital from NYC to the south (becomes Washington, DC)
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NYC 1780 NYC 2013
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RAISING $ FOR USA
Hamilton favored tariffs, or taxes on foreign made goods, than taxes on citizens
Tariffs raise $ for the gov’t and also promote growth of American businesses
Hamilton wanted to create a national bank that would loan money, create a currency ($), and be a safe place to keep $
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FIGHT OVER THE NATIONAL BANK
Jefferson and Madison opposed the national bankThought it would create a shady relationship between gov’t and the wealthy
Thought it couldn’t/shouldn’t be done b/c the Constitution didn’t create a national bank
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NATIONAL BANK CREATED
1791, the National Bank is formedGov’t used the “elastic clause” of Article 1 of the Constitution to justify its creation
The elastic clause says that the gov’t can do what it feels is necessary and proper to carry out its powers
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POLITICAL PARTIES BEGIN
The fight over the national bank started the move towards political parties
One party will support strict and literal interpretation of the Constitution and favor power to the states and the other will support a looser interpretation which gives the national gov’t a lot of power
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BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS (1794)
US army fought Native Americans of the Northwest Territory
US won the battle and force the Native Americans to give up much of their territory within the Northwest Territory
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WHISKEY REBELLION (1794)
Group of western PA farmers revolted against new tax on whiskey
Farmers attacked a local tax collector and threatened to attack Pittsburgh
Washington sent 13,000 soldiers to stop the rebellion and rebels gave up quickly without a fight
Easy victory by the gov’t proved that the federal gov’t could enforce its laws
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WAR IN EUROPE (1793)
Revolution in France (1789) and France and England go to war
Washington decides that USA will remain neutral Jefferson thought we should help the FrenchHamilton thought we should help the British in the war with France b/c we needed the British as trade partners.
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JEFFERSON QUITS (1793)
Jefferson was tired of Washington always supporting Hamilton
Jefferson also didn’t like the criticism he faced for saying we should support France
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JAY’S TREATY (1796)
John Jay negotiated treaty with BritishBritish left Ohio Valley area and paid $ to USA for ships they had seized during the French and British War
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PINCKNEY’S TREATY (1795)
Treaty with SpainGave Americans free travel on Mississippi River and use port of New Orleans and set southern border of US with Florida (at time Spanish controlled)
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BENJAMIN BANNEKER
Helped plan the layout of the new nation’s capital (Washington DC)
Was a self educated African American
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PRESIDENT WASHINGTON LEAVES
Washington decided that 8 years was enough as president and wanted to retire
In his farewell address he warned about political divides and parties that would create
He also warned future presidents to keep the country neutral
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POLITICAL PARTIES FORM
Democratic Republican party-founded by Jefferson and Madison
Federalist Party-founded by Alexander HamiltonWere both created out of the differences on how the gov’t should work and where powers of gov’t should be (states or national gov’t)
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1796 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
Democratic Republicans- Thomas Jefferson
Federalists- John Adams
Adams wins and Jefferson becomes VP
Result is that two men of different beliefs in how gov’t works, now have to work together as president and VP (TROUBLE!!!!)
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XYZ AFFAIR
France had been seizing US ships and cargoAdams sent representatives to fix problems with the French
French officials tried to get a bribe and a loan from Americans in exchange for stopping to seize American ships (US said no)
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As result of attempted bribe, Congress disbanded all treaties with France and started seizing French ships and cargo
Also a result, Congress voted to expand and fund the military more
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ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS
Targeted aliens, or people from other countries living in US but not yet citizens
Gave gov’t broad arrest powers
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Extended the wait time for becoming a citizenBanned sedition, or stirring up rebellion (used this part of law to shut down newspapers with opposing views from the Federalist party controlled gov’t)
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VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS
Insisted on nullification, or right of a state to cancel any act of Congress it felt was unconstitutional
Were a way for the Democratic Republicans to challenge the Alien and Sedition Acts
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NEW CAPITAL
1800 was first year the federal gov’t was in Washington DC moving from NYC