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Fossil Sharks
Catalina Pimiento
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‣the isthmus that changed the world
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‣the isthmus that changed the world
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‣the isthmus that changed the world
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‣the isthmus that changed the world
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‣the isthmus that changed the world
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‣Miocene fossil shark localities
early Miocene Culebra Fm
late Miocene Chucunaque Fm
lower late Miocene Gatun Fm
upper late MioceneChagres Fm
Caribbean Sea
Pacific Ocean
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‣Miocene fossil shark localities
Caribbean Sea
Pacific Ocean
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‣early Miocene Culebra Formation
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‣early Miocene Culebra Formation
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‣early Miocene Culebra Formation
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‣early Miocene Culebra Formation
Pimiento et al. 2013
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‣early Miocene Culebra Formation
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‣late Miocene Gatun Formation
Pimiento et al. In press
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‣late Miocene Gatun Formation
Pimiento et al. In press
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‣late Miocene Gatun Formation
Pimiento et al. In press
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‣late Miocene Gatun Formation
Pimiento et al. In press
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‣late Miocene Chucunaque Formation
0 10 20
N
9.00°N
Clarita Fm. Porcona Fm. Darién Fm. San Blas Fm.
Coates et al. 2004
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‣late Miocene Chucunaque Formation
0 10 20
N
9.00°N
Clarita Fm. Porcona Fm. Darién Fm. San Blas Fm.
Coates et al. 2004
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‣late Miocene Chucunaque Formation
0 10 20
N
9.00°N
Clarita Fm. Porcona Fm. Darién Fm. San Blas Fm.
Coates et al. 2004
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‣late Miocene Chucunaque Formation
0 10 20
N
9.00°N
Clarita Fm. Porcona Fm. Darién Fm. San Blas Fm.
Coates et al. 2004
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‣Miocene shark faunas: Biodiversity
At least 32 taxa so far... Only 4 are extinct
latelate
early
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‣Miocene shark faunas: Biodiversity
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
05
1015
2025
Sites
Richness
Gatun
Chucunaque
Culebra
At least 32 taxa so far... Only 4 are extinct
latelate
early
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‣Miocene shark faunas: Environment
Neritic Bathyal
05
1015
Neritic Bathyal
05
1015
Neritic Bathyal
05
1015
# Ta
xa#
Taxa
# Ta
xa
Depth
Chucunaque Fm.Paci!c sideStrait-Isthmus
Gatun Fm.Caribbean sidePeninsula-Isthmus
Culebra Fm. Paci!c side Strait-Peninsula
latelate
early
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‣Miocene shark faunas: Environment
Neritic Bathyal
05
1015
Neritic Bathyal
05
1015
Neritic Bathyal
05
1015
# Ta
xa#
Taxa
# Ta
xa
Depth
Chucunaque Fm.Paci!c sideStrait-Isthmus
Gatun Fm.Caribbean sidePeninsula-Isthmus
Culebra Fm. Paci!c side Strait-Peninsula
0.01
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
La Ce Nd Sm Eu Gd Dy Er Yb
REEs Concentrations
Cucaracha Fm.
Seawater
MacFadden et al., in prep
latelate
early
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‣Miocene shark faunas: Biogeography
Miocene Today
# Ta
xa
Caribbean Mixed
02
46
810
12Caribbean Mixed
02
46
810
12
Caribbean Mixed
02
46
810
12Atlantic Paci!c Cosmo Mixed
02
46
810
12
Atlantic Paci!c Cosmo Mixed
02
46
810
12
Atlantic Paci!c Cosmo Mixed
02
46
810
12
Chucunaque Fm.Paci!c sideStrait-Isthmus
Gatun Fm.Caribbean sidePeninsula-Isthmus
Culebra Fm. Paci!c side Strait-Peninsula
latelate
early
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‣Miocene shark faunas: Biogeography
Miocene Today
latelate
early
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Largest marine predator of all time
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‣Megalodon
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‣nursery area for Megalodon
Pimiento et al. 2010
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Essential habitats for sharks survivalJuveniles y neonatesFood + Protection = Productive + Shallow waters
Nursery Habitats
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Megalodon
White Shark
Pimiento et al., 2010
‣nursery area for Megalodon
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GeologicTim
e
‣future plansbody size
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‣future plansbody size
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‣future plansbody size
Ocean Lat. Country Formation Age Collection
Atlantic
Central Venezuela Cantaure E. Miocene (18Ma) Various
Atlantic
North US (MA) Calvert M. Miocene (14Ma) USNMNH
Atlantic
North US (VA) St. Marys M. Miocene (14Ma) FLMNH
Atlantic
North US (NC) Pungo River L. Miocene (12Ma) USNMNH
Atlantic South Argentina Paraná M. Miocene (12Ma) NHM BsAs/La PlataAtlantic
Central Panama Gatun L. Miocene (10Ma) FLMNH
Atlantic
North US (NC) Yorktown E. Pliocene (6Ma) USNMNH
Atlantic
North US (FL) Bone Valley E. Pliocene (5Ma) FLMNH
Atlantic
Central Venezuela Paraguaná L. Pliocene (3.5Ma) Various
PaciRic
North USA (CA) Rosarito E. Miocene (18Ma) SDNHM
PaciRic
North USA (CA) Temblor M. Miocene (14Ma) UCMP, SDNHM
PaciRic
South Peru Pisco (Ica) M. Miocene (12Ma) NHM Lima
PaciRic
South Peru Pisco (El Jahuay) L. Miocene (10Ma) NHM Lima
PaciRic North USA (CA) St.Margarita, St.Mateo L. Miocene (10Ma) UCMP, SDNHMPaciRic
South Peru Pisco (Sud Sacaco) L. Miocene (7Ma) NHM Lima
PaciRic
South Chile Bahía Inglesa L. Miocene (7Ma) NHM Santiago
PaciRic
South Chile Bahía Inglesa E. Pliocene (4Ma) NHM Santiago
PaciRic
Central Ecuador Onzole E. Pliocene (4Ma) British Mus.
Indian
Central Australia Batesford, Gippsland E. Miocene (18Ma) Victoria Mus.
Indian
Central Australia Port Campbell M. Miocene (11Ma) Victoria Mus.
Indian Central Australia Black Rock L. Miocene (8Ma) Victoria Mus.Indian
Central Australia Whaler's Bluff, Loxton Sand E. Pliocene (4Ma) Victoria Mus.
Indian
Central Australia Grange Burn, Cameron Inlet L. Pliocene (3.5Ma) Victoria Mus.
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geographic distribution size in deep time
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•What are the patterns of Megalodon extinction?
✓ Distribution
•Why Megalodon became extinct?
✓ Climate✓ Oceanography✓ Preys✓ Competitors
patterns of extinction
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why is this important?
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Implications: ConservationApproximately 17% of sharks and their relatives are threatened, an additional 13% are considered Near Threatened, and a high proportion (47%) are Data Deficient. IUCN 2010
... the geohistorical record is a natural laboratory from which we can address the responses of species to environmental changes, helping us to understand which species will be most sensitive and what kinds of responses will be most common.
Science (2011)
TREE (2010)
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Training the next generation of scientist:
Education and Outreach
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‣website for kids
Pimiento 2010
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56 SCIENCE SCOPE
Fossil sharks: Learning from and about the past
by Catalina Pimiento and Rose M. Pringle
Have you ever felt the excitement of school-aged chil-dren as they observe fossils in a museum? Children are usually enthusiastic to learn about prehistoric remains or fossils of both plants and animals. Recent studies on preferences in museums have revealed that children are fasci-nated by fossil sharks—the remains of sharks that inhabited the oceans of the past (MacFadden 2006). This has created new opportunities to connect informal science learning at museums to public school science curricula. By studying fossil sharks, children learn about the composi-tion of ancient faunas and the geo-logic changes that have occurred in the Earth’s history. A study of fossil sharks can be tied to numerous im-portant areas of natural (Earth) sci-ences such as geology, geography, and paleontology. Studies of fossil sharks can also be connected to sci-ence, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) topics, such as evidence for evolution and climate change in the past.
In this article, we describe a series of science activities for middle school students that focuses on the study of fossil sharks through an examination of the morphological characteristics of their teeth by using models, drawings, and websites. The activities presented are intended to guide students toward an understanding of timescales and fossils as providing important evi-dence of how life and environmental conditions have changed over time.
The activities are presented in three sections. In the first section, students will learn general concepts of fossils and identify fossil-shark species based
on the morphological characteristics of their teeth. In this section, students will conclude that fossil sharks can be found on land, even though sharks are marine animals. Experiences in Section 2 will allow students to discover for themselves that the Earth is dynamic and continents are in constant dynamic movement. This will help students to understand how it is possible to find the remains of sharks on land. Finally, in the last section, students will explore the dimension of geologic time and will integrate the knowledge and skills learned in the first two sections.
Sample of fossil shark teeth collected in Panama and FloridaFIGURE 1
FLO
RID
A M
US
EU
M O
F N
ATU
RA
L H
ISTO
RY
/SM
ITH
SO
NIA
N T
RO
PIC
AL
RE
SE
AR
CH
INS
TIT
UT
E
SCIENCE SAMPLER
‣classroom activities
Pimiento and Pringle 2011 Oviedo and Pimiento 2011
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‣undergraduate course
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‣undergraduate course
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‣undergraduate course
Blended course