![Page 1: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and
Manner in Motion Events
Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-PasekTemple University
Mandy J. Maguire & Meredith A. MeyerUniversity of Louisville University of Oregon
![Page 2: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Not just verbs… Relational terms
In English, relations are encoded in, not only verbs, but also in prepositions
![Page 3: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What we know about verbs… Verbs are hard to learn (Gentner, 1988)
Actions are ephemeral
Verbs are polysemous
“Run” - 42 entries vs. “ball” - 9 entries
Verbs can encode diverse components
Path, manner, result, and instrument
![Page 4: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Paradox
Verbs appear in children’s earliest vocabularies
Choi, 1998 Choi and Bowerman, 1991 Fenson, et al., 1994 Nelson, 1989 Tardiff, 1996
![Page 5: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Demonstration: Verbs are hard
Watch, Meredith’s blicking? What does blicking refer to?
![Page 6: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Possible meanings of “blicking”: Path: the trajectory of agent
e.g. enter, come, approach
Manner: the way in which the agent moves e.g. walk, dance, swagger, sway, stroll
Result: e.g. open, close
Instrument: e.g. hammer, shovel
![Page 7: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Path and Manner Focus on path and manner:
(1) Appear in most languages.
(2) They are treated differently across languages.
English - Manner encoded in verb; path encoded in preposition.
Spanish - Path encoded in verb; manner encoded in adverb (optionally).
![Page 8: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Most of what has been done on verbs…
Early production of relational terms Choi & Bowerman, 1991 Tardif, 1996 Gopnik & Choi, 1995
Mapping relational terms onto actions and events Choi, et al., 1999 Maguire, et al., 2003 Naigles, 1996
![Page 9: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
But…Building verbs requires three steps:
A) Attention to non-linguistic components of action
B) Where action meets words
C) Productive use of verbs in grammar.
Little work has been done on attention to non-linguistic components of action.
![Page 10: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
This Talk is in Four Parts Part 1: Path & manner in non-linguistic motion
events
Part 2: Two Studies- Can infants form categories of path and manner?
Part 3: Interpreting these results
Part 4: Future Directions
![Page 11: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Part 1: Path and manner in non-linguistic motion events
Pulverman and colleagues (2002; 2003): 7 month olds discriminate path and manner 14-17 month olds discriminate path and manner.
Casasola, Hohenstein, & Naigles (2003): 10 month olds discriminate path and manner.
To date, this is of what is known about path and manner in non-linguistic motion events.
![Page 12: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
So What’s Missing… Oakes & Rakison (2003):
“words…refer to categories of objects and events, or properties of these things.”
Therefore, verbs label categories of actions and events rather than single events.
![Page 13: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
For example, “running” “Running” is
considered the same
action whether
performed by Carl Lewis or
Grandma.
![Page 14: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Part 2: Two Studies
Study 1: Can infants form categories of path across multiple exemplars of manner?
Study 2: Can infants form categories of manner across multiple exemplars of path?
![Page 15: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How to address these questions:
Use a proven paradigm
Use novel, easily manipulated and controlled stimuli
Several exemplars of path and manner
A consistent design across both studies
![Page 16: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Paradigm Preferential Looking
Paradigm: forced-choice split-screen
(Hirsh-Pasek & Golinkoff, 1996)
Non-linguistic task
Dependent Variable: Looking Time
![Page 17: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Novel, easily manipulated and controlled stimuli
![Page 18: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stimuli across studies
6 Paths Over Under Past Around Behind In Front
6 Manners Flap Spin Twist Side Bend Bend Forward Toe-Touch
![Page 19: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Design across studies Introduction
Salience Trials
Four Familiarization Trials
Test Trials
Trials are 12 seconds
![Page 20: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Introduction Trial
Purpose: To ensure infants look to both sides
![Page 21: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Salience Trial Purpose
To show that infants do not have any a priori preferences for test events.
What they see Two clips simultaneously. Same clips they see at test.
Assumption Infants will not have a preference for either clip.
![Page 22: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Familiarization Trials Four exemplars of the category are
shown.
Trials are separated by attention-getter: Picture of a baby Accompanied by music
![Page 23: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Test Trials Test trials
Two clips shown simultaneously In-category event (familiar exemplar) Out-of-category event (novel exemplar)
Predictions Infants who categorize will show a preference
for one of these clips.
![Page 24: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Study 1: Path Categorization Subjects
24 7-9 month olds (M = 8.72, SD = 1.01)
24 10-12 month olds(M = 11.29, SD = 0.87)
15 13-15 month olds (M = 14.80, SD = 1.07)
Mono-lingual English-speaking homes.
Equal numbers of males and females.
![Page 25: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Salience Trial
“Flap Around” “Flap Past”
![Page 26: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Familiarization Trials for Path
Four familiarization trials Same path across multiple exemplars of manner
Vary manner across same path
Example, “around”
![Page 27: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 1:
“Side Bend Around”
![Page 28: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 2:
“Twist Around”
![Page 29: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 3:
“Spin Around”
![Page 30: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 4:
“Toe Touch Around”
![Page 31: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Test Trials
“Flap Around”Novel Manner, Familiar Path
In-category event
“Flap Past”Novel Manner, Novel Path
Out-of-category event
![Page 32: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Was there a salience preference?
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
Trial
Novelty Preference
7-9 month olds
10-12 month olds
13-15 month olds
TestSalience
![Page 33: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Results- Path Categorization
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
Trial
Novelty Preference
7-9 month olds
10-12 month olds
13-15 month olds
TestSalience
*
![Page 34: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Study 1: Conclusions No a priori preferences for the test clips
7-9 month olds were not able to categorize path
10-12 and 13-15 month olds categorized path
Familiarity preference
![Page 35: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Study 2: Manner Categorization
Subjects
24 7-9 month olds(M = 8.47, SD = 0.96)
24 10-12 month olds (M = 11.49, SD = 0.80)
23 13-15 month olds (M = 14.75, SD = 0.94)
Mono-lingual English-speaking homes.
Equal numbers of males and females.
![Page 36: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Salience Trial
“Toe Touch Under” “Twist Under”
![Page 37: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Familiarization Trials for Manner
Four familiarization trials Same manner across multiple exemplars of path
Vary path across same manner
Example, “twist”
![Page 38: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 1:
“Twist Over”
![Page 39: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 2:
“Twist Around”
![Page 40: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 3:
“Twist In Front”
![Page 41: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Familiarization Trial 4:
“Twist Past”
![Page 42: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Test Trials
“Toe Touch Under”Novel Manner, Novel Path
Out-of-category event
“Twist Under”Familiar Manner, Novel Path
In-category event
![Page 43: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Was there a salience preference?
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
Trial
Novelty Preference
7-9 month olds
10-12 month olds
13-15 month olds
TestSalience
![Page 44: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Results- Manner Categorization
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
Trial
Novelty Preference
7-9 month olds
10-12 month olds
13-15 month olds
*
TestSalience
![Page 45: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Study 2: Conclusions No a priori preferences for the test clips
7-9 and 10-12 month olds were not able to categorize manner
13-15 month olds categorized manner
Novelty Preference
![Page 46: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Novelty/Familiarity Preference Why do infants prefer to look at novelty in
manner categorization study, but familiarity in path categorization study?
Infants prefer familiar stimuli when stimuli are complex and need time to process (Hunter, et al., 1983)
Maybe the infants need more time to process these stimuli
Independent Samples t-test with average familiarization time for path study vs. manner study: t (132) = 2.472, p<.05.
Infants look longer at familiarization clips for path study.
![Page 47: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Part 3: Summary- Our interpretation
7-9 months
Path: no preference
Manner: no preference
No categorization
What do these results mean?
10-12 months
Path: familiar
Manner: no preference
Categorize path
13-15 months
Path: familiar
Manner: novel
Categorize pathand manner
![Page 48: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
What does all of this mean? First study to investigate whether infants can
categorize path and manner
Developmental Progression Path first, then manner
Preverbal infants can abstract and categorize relations
Learning verbs is hard, but conceptual foundations are present
![Page 49: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Part 4: Future Directions Does labeling facilitate categorization?
What other types of event categories can infants form?
Would we see similar results with other stimuli?
Would we see same trends for infants learning other languages?
![Page 50: Foundations of Verb Learning: Infants Categorize Path and Manner in Motion Events Shannon M. Pruden, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek Temple University Mandy J. Maguire](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649eff5503460f94c149d8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Acknowledgements… Natalie Hansell Beate Müller Heike Herrmann Dr. Nora Newcombe Carolyn Fenter
Dr. Roberta Golinkoff
Rachel Pulverman Anthony Dick NSF
Thanks to all the parents and children who participated in these studies at the Temple University
Infant Lab.