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Advanced RadioPlanning &
OptimisationSection One
Techniques
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2001 Freshfield Communications Limited.Company Confidential Slide 2
Evolution of GSM NetworksEvolution of GSM Networks SFH and Frequency Hopping BasicsSFH and Frequency Hopping Basics
SummarySummary
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
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At the end of this course, attendees will:At the end of this course, attendees will: Have an appreciation of the evolution of GSM networksHave an appreciation of the evolution of GSM networks
Understand basics of slow frequency hoppingUnderstand basics of slow frequency hopping
In future modules, learn about selfIn future modules, learn about self--regulating networks andregulating networks and
examine a practical case studyexamine a practical case study
ObjectivesObjectives
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Evolution of GSM Networks 1989 2001Evolution of GSM Networks 1989 2001
PredictionsPredictions
CoverageCoverage
Cell ClassificationCell Classification
LayeringLayering
Handover AlgorithmHandover Algorithm
BCCH AssignmentsBCCH Assignments
TCH AssignmentsTCH Assignments
BSS DatafillBSS Datafill
Frequency AssignmentFrequency Assignment
HoppingHopping
Hopping AssignmentHopping Assignment
Macrocell AssignmentsMacrocell Assignments
IntegrationIntegration
Power ControlPower ControlVAD / DTXVAD / DTX
Neighbour List GenerationNeighbour List Generation
Speech / Channel CodecSpeech / Channel Codec
C/I Delta MatricesC/I Delta Matrices
HataHata--OkumuraOkumura
Mobile HandportableMobile Handportable
MacrocellMacrocell
Single LayerSingle Layer
SimpleSimple
MRPMRP
MRPMRP
ManualManual
DUMB AFPDUMB AFP
NoneNone
CyclicCyclic
Band SegmentationBand Segmentation
NoneNone
Uplink OnlyUplink OnlyOffOff
ManualManual
FRFR
Derived from Predictions (pixelDerived from Predictions (pixel
by pixel)by pixel)
Automatic MultiAutomatic Multi--Variant OptimisedVariant Optimised
Ubiquitous CoverageUbiquitous Coverage -- PCNPCN
Hierarchical MacroHierarchical Macro -- MicroMicro -- PicoPico
MultiMulti--layerlayer
IntelligentIntelligent
MRPMRP
Super ReSuper Re--use, IUO, 1/1 and 1/3 Fractional Reuse, IUO, 1/1 and 1/3 Fractional Re--useuse
AutomaticAutomatic
SMART AFPSMART AFP
A Must For All NetworksA Must For All Networks
Automatic Intelligent AssignmentsAutomatic Intelligent Assignments -- HSN, MAIO,HSN, MAIO,
SeamlessSeamless -- Steal Carriers for MicrocellsSteal Carriers for Microcells
TotalTotal
Uplink and DownlinkUplink and DownlinkOnOn
Automatic in Planning / Network EnvironmentAutomatic in Planning / Network Environment
FR / HR / EFR and AMRFR / HR / EFR and AMR
Derived from Optimised Predictions,Derived from Optimised Predictions,
Supplemented with Measurement data fromSupplemented with Measurement data from
engineering test mobilesengineering test mobiles
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New site integration must be seamless:New site integration must be seamless: Faster site integration means higher traffic takeFaster site integration means higher traffic take--up and thereforeup and therefore
higher revenuehigher revenue
New sites need not be on a grid for interference reductionNew sites need not be on a grid for interference reduction
Frequency planning should take into account:Frequency planning should take into account: Cell carried traffic reported as a weekly average basisCell carried traffic reported as a weekly average basis
Inter Inter--cell handover attempts reported as a weekly averagecell handover attempts reported as a weekly average
NetworkNetwork--based drivebased drive--test data and Atest data and A--bis data collected from allbis data collected from all
subscribers for C/I delta matrix creationsubscribers for C/I delta matrix creation In a fractional reuse network, a clean BCCH:BSIC plan and a wellIn a fractional reuse network, a clean BCCH:BSIC plan and a well--
managed TCH MAmanaged TCH MA--List:HSN:MAIO planList:HSN:MAIO plan
Todays NetworksTodays Networks
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Traditional Capacity SolutionsTraditional Capacity Solutions Cell SplittingCell Splitting Additional cells can be placed in hotAdditional cells can be placed in hot--spot locations. However, this requiresspot locations. However, this requires
additional site realadditional site real--estate outlay, but is required at startestate outlay, but is required at start--up to fulfil capacityup to fulfil capacity
and interference requirements.and interference requirements.
Add TransceiversAdd Transceivers Additional TRXs can be added to existing sites and this is a cheaperAdditional TRXs can be added to existing sites and this is a cheapersolution compared to cell splitting. However, it still requires TRX outlay,solution compared to cell splitting. However, it still requires TRX outlay,
and additional E1/T1s as necessary.and additional E1/T1s as necessary.
Microcellular DeploymentMicrocellular Deployment
Lower Lower--cost microcells can be deployed at traffic hot spots. However, thiscost microcells can be deployed at traffic hot spots. However, this
still requires additional T1s and microcell site realstill requires additional T1s and microcell site real--estate outlay.estate outlay.
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Todays Novel Capacity SolutionsTodays Novel Capacity Solutions Fractional Reuse PatternsFractional Reuse Patterns BCCH carriers are planned using traditional 4/12 reuse patterns and TCHsBCCH carriers are planned using traditional 4/12 reuse patterns and TCHs
are planned using 1/3 or 1/1 reuse patterns. Additional cost is theare planned using 1/3 or 1/1 reuse patterns. Additional cost is the
deployment of hybrid combiners in FH sections of network.deployment of hybrid combiners in FH sections of network.
Multiple Reuse PatternsMultiple Reuse Patterns
Different TRXs are planned using different frequency bands and reuseDifferent TRXs are planned using different frequency bands and reuse
patterns; for example, TRX1 may be planned using 4/12, TRX2 may bepatterns; for example, TRX1 may be planned using 4/12, TRX2 may be
planned using 3/9.planned using 3/9.
Hybrid MRP/FRP: TRX1 or BCCH may be planned using 4/12, TRX2 may beHybrid MRP/FRP: TRX1 or BCCH may be planned using 4/12, TRX2 may be
planned using 3/9 and TRX3 may be planned using 1x3 FRP.planned using 3/9 and TRX3 may be planned using 1x3 FRP.
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Todays Novel Capacity SolutionsTodays Novel Capacity Solutions Intelligent OverlayIntelligent Overlay--UnderlayUnderlay Planning is similar to MRP and hybrid MRPPlanning is similar to MRP and hybrid MRP--FRP; additional interferenceFRP; additional interference
advantage arises because BSC dynamically calculates C/I and assigns aadvantage arises because BSC dynamically calculates C/I and assigns a
supersuper--reuse channel for low C/I and a regular reuse channel for high C/I.reuse channel for low C/I and a regular reuse channel for high C/I.
Multi Multi--band Planningband Planning
If 900MHz and 1800MHz spectrum are available, 1800 MHz sites can beIf 900MHz and 1800MHz spectrum are available, 1800 MHz sites can be
used to provide hotused to provide hot--spot traffic solutions; 900 MHz sites are used tospot traffic solutions; 900 MHz sites are used to
guarantee coverage.guarantee coverage.
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
General Advantages of Novel SolutionsGeneral Advantages of Novel Solutions Optimise InvestmentOptimise Investment Add TRXs without new BTS sites or modify configuration without TRXAdd TRXs without new BTS sites or modify configuration without TRX
introductionintroduction
Increase Capacity or Improve QualityIncrease Capacity or Improve Quality Harness spectrum efficiencyHarness spectrum efficiency
Enhance engineering flexibilityEnhance engineering flexibility
Configurations can be tailored to traffic requirements in high load and lowConfigurations can be tailored to traffic requirements in high load and low
load areas without effecting significant network infrastructure changesload areas without effecting significant network infrastructure changes
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Novel Solutions Require:Novel Solutions Require: Slow Frequency HoppingSlow Frequency Hopping Frequency diversityFrequency diversity
Interferer diversityInterferer diversity
Interleaving benefitsInterleaving benefits
Dynamic Power ControlDynamic Power Control Uplink and/or downlink reduced interference through reducedUplink and/or downlink reduced interference through reduced
transmission power. Subscribers close to the serving base station maytransmission power. Subscribers close to the serving base station may
have C/I as high as 25 dB when only 12have C/I as high as 25 dB when only 12--14 dB is sufficient to maintain good14 dB is sufficient to maintain good
speech quality. By permitting reduction in power, tighter reuse schemesspeech quality. By permitting reduction in power, tighter reuse schemes
can be employed, resulting in higher capacity.can be employed, resulting in higher capacity.
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
Uplink and/or downlink reduced interference through reducedUplink and/or downlink reduced interference through reduced
transmission burststransmission bursts
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TRX1 CONTROLLER transmitter
f0...fn hybrid
combiner
TRX2 CONTROLLER transmitterf0...fn hybrid
combiner
TRX3 CONTROLLER transmitter
f0...fn hybrid
combinerTRX4 CONTROLLER transmitter
f0...fn
Synthesiser HoppingSynthesiser Hopping
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ARFCN AllocationMobile Allocation (MA)Mobile Allocation (MA)
Starting ARFCNMobile Allocation Indication Offset (MAIO)Mobile Allocation Indication Offset (MAIO)
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN)Hopping Sequence Number (HSN)
0 Cyclic
1-63 Pseudo Random
Frequency Hopping ParametersFrequency Hopping Parameters
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Allocated frequency spectrum is divided into:Allocated frequency spectrum is divided into:
BCCH frequenciesBCCH frequencies
TCH FrequenciesTCH Frequencies
A1
A2A3
A1A2
A1
A3
1x3 TCH Planning1x3 TCH Planning
Fractional Reuse PlanningFractional Reuse Planning
A1, A2 and A3 representfrequency groups
Frequencies A1/A2/A3 are reused over every site.
With 4 frequencies, 25% fractional load obtained:
25% burst interfered with and 75% bursts-interference free
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Fractional Reuse PlanningFractional Reuse Planning
Fractional Reuse PlanningFractional Reuse Planning Only possible with synthesiser hoppingOnly possible with synthesiser hopping
Requires hybrid combiner deployment in FH part of network withRequires hybrid combiner deployment in FH part of network with
consequent higher insertion loss!consequent higher insertion loss!
Repeaters and enhancers must be wideRepeaters and enhancers must be wide--band!band!
Fractional loading: With 12 TCH carriers, 1/3 offers 4 carriers perFractional loading: With 12 TCH carriers, 1/3 offers 4 carriers per
TRX per cell. 1/1offers 12 carriers per cell. With S222TRX per cell. 1/1offers 12 carriers per cell. With S222
configuration, 1/3 offers 25% fractional load compared with 8%configuration, 1/3 offers 25% fractional load compared with 8%
fractional load from 1/1.fractional load from 1/1.
Practically, with high fractional load, 1/3 may perform worse thanPractically, with high fractional load, 1/3 may perform worse than
1/1 in areas where it is difficult to control interference from co1/1 in areas where it is difficult to control interference from co--
channel groups. This occurs, for example, in the motorway areas,channel groups. This occurs, for example, in the motorway areas,
and is particularly notorious when the sectors are focused onand is particularly notorious when the sectors are focused on
each other.each other.
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Fractional Reuse PlanningFractional Reuse Planning
Where sectors are directly focused on
one another, and particularly in hilly areas,
1/3 with high fractional load is subject to more
interference than 1/1.
High interference with 1/3High interference with 1/3
can also occur in areascan also occur in areas
where the sector antennaewhere the sector antennae
azimuth are very differentazimuth are very different
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Fractional ReuseFractional Reuse
Example:Example:
Assuming 5 MHz of spectrum and allowing for a 200 kHzAssuming 5 MHz of spectrum and allowing for a 200 kHz
guard band, a total of 24 carriers will be available. Theseguard band, a total of 24 carriers will be available. These
can be split as follows:can be split as follows:
BCCHBCCH--12 carriers12 carriers
TCH TCH--12 Carriers12 Carriers
The BCCH can be planned on 4/12 yielding 1 BCCH carrierThe BCCH can be planned on 4/12 yielding 1 BCCH carrier
in each sector in the cluster.in each sector in the cluster.
The TCH are planned on 1/3 giving a maximum of 4 TRX sThe TCH are planned on 1/3 giving a maximum of 4 TRX sper sector. The loading on each sector can be varied fromper sector. The loading on each sector can be varied from
1TRX (25%) to 3 TRXs (75%).1TRX (25%) to 3 TRXs (75%).
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Fractional LoadingFractional Loading
Fractional load can be varied to offer capacityFractional load can be varied to offer capacity--quality tradequality trade--off:off:
For example, assuming 5MHz of spectrum, and allowing for a 200For example, assuming 5MHz of spectrum, and allowing for a 200
kHz guard band, a total of 24 carriers will be available.kHz guard band, a total of 24 carriers will be available.
Fractional Reuse PlanningFractional Reuse Planning
Traditional clusterTraditional cluster4/124/12
S222S222
1/3 cluster for TCH, load = 25%,
S222, 0% capacity increase
1/3 cluster for TCH, load = 50%, S333,
65% capacity increase
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Fractional Reuse PlanningFractional Reuse Planning
Practical Deployment of Fractional Reuse:Practical Deployment of Fractional Reuse:
Requires a clean BCCH and BSIC plans obtained from anRequires a clean BCCH and BSIC plans obtained from an
automatic resource planning tool, based upon accurate urbanautomatic resource planning tool, based upon accurate urban
prediction and driveprediction and drive--test data.test data.
1/3 or 1/1 deployment: In networks with small frequency1/3 or 1/1 deployment: In networks with small frequency
spectrum allocation (5 MHz), 1/1 offers better interference controlspectrum allocation (5 MHz), 1/1 offers better interference controland higher capacity than 1/3, since 1/3 will have high fractionaland higher capacity than 1/3, since 1/3 will have high fractional
load. In networks with large frequency spectrum allocation (10load. In networks with large frequency spectrum allocation (10--1515
MHz), the use of 1/3 will result in improved voice quality.MHz), the use of 1/3 will result in improved voice quality.
Randomised HSNs (1Randomised HSNs (1--63), avoiding the use of 0 (cyclic).63), avoiding the use of 0 (cyclic).
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Practical Deployment of Fractional Reuse:Practical Deployment of Fractional Reuse:
MAMA--List Planning: Some vendors (e.g. Nokia) permit fixed MAList Planning: Some vendors (e.g. Nokia) permit fixed MA--
Lists per cell but with MAIO management; other vendors (e.g.Lists per cell but with MAIO management; other vendors (e.g.
Ericsson) permit different channel groups and therefore differentEricsson) permit different channel groups and therefore different
MAMA--Lists for different TRXs per cell, but with restrained MAIOLists for different TRXs per cell, but with restrained MAIO
management. Operators may choose the following:management. Operators may choose the following: Network Network--wide Fixed MAwide Fixed MA--Lists per cellLists per cell
Staggered MAStaggered MA--List per cell to improve interference performance whilstList per cell to improve interference performance whilst
maintaining low fractional loadmaintaining low fractional load
Unique MAUnique MA--Lists per TRXLists per TRX
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Network Network--Wide Fixed MAWide Fixed MA--List Concept (12 carrier example)List Concept (12 carrier example)
Advantages
Database management is easier (only one
list is required for 1/1 or only three lists
are required for 1/3)
No planning is required for TCHs
Works well in near-regular cell layouts
Disadvantages
Makes no distinction between high traffic
and low traffic cells. Therefore no added
protection for high traffic cells.
If more than S222 configuration, MAIOmanagement is required.
F1F1--F12F12
F1F1--F12F12 F1F1--F12F12F1F1--F12F12
F1F1--F12F12 F1F1--F12F12
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Staggered MAStaggered MA--List Concept (12 carrier example)List Concept (12 carrier example)
Advantages
MA-List is optimised depending upon
carried traffic or interfered area
Improved voice quality
Only small reduction in supportedcapacity
Disadvantages
Requires AFP program to support MA-List
planning
Must have a database which maintainsMA-Lists for different TRXs
F1F1--F10F10
F3F3--F12F12 F2F2--F11F11F1F1--F10F10
F3F3--F12F12 F2F2--F11F11
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Unique MAUnique MA--List Per TRX Concept (12 carrier example)List Per TRX Concept (12 carrier example)
Advantages
No planning required for TCH
If the bands F1-F5 and F6-F12 are very far
apart e.g. 20 MHz, then this option is
necessary anyway
Disadvantages
Reduced trunking efficiency
Higher fractional load resulting in higherinterference
TRX2: F6TRX2: F6--F12F12
TRX1: F1TRX1: F1--F5F5TRX1: F1TRX1: F1--F5F5
TRX1:F
1TRX1:F
1--F5F5
TRX1:F
1TRX1:F
1--F5F5
TRX1: F1TRX1: F1--F5F5
TRX1: F1TRX1: F1--F5F5
TRX2: F6TRX2: F6--F12F12 TRX2: F6TRX2: F6--F12F12
TRX2: F6TRX2: F6--F12F12
TRX2: F6TRX2: F6--F12F12TRX2: F6TRX2: F6--F12F12
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
MAIO ManagementMAIO Management
If a fixed or staggered MAIf a fixed or staggered MA--list is used, then MAIO management islist is used, then MAIO management is
required. At a minimum, each TRX must be offset from therequired. At a minimum, each TRX must be offset from the
adjacent TRX by 2, thus preventing adjacent channeladjacent TRX by 2, thus preventing adjacent channel
interference. If a unique MAinterference. If a unique MA--list is used for each TRX, then MAIOlist is used for each TRX, then MAIO
management may not be necessary provided the MAmanagement may not be necessary provided the MA--lists arelists areindeed unique.indeed unique.
DL Power Control StrategyDL Power Control Strategy
DL power control adjustments will be RXQUAL driven only,DL power control adjustments will be RXQUAL driven only,
guaranteeing similar C/I performance within the cell areaguaranteeing similar C/I performance within the cell area
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SFH and Fractional Reuse BasicsSFH and Fractional Reuse Basics
Channel Assignment PriorityChannel Assignment Priority
Channel Allocation Profile: With a clean BCCH plan, the BCCHChannel Allocation Profile: With a clean BCCH plan, the BCCH
carrier should be given assignment priority over TCH channelscarrier should be given assignment priority over TCH channels
for better FER performance.for better FER performance.
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Slide 25
Optimisation of a frequencyOptimisation of a frequency--hopped networkhopped network
Key Optimisation Parameters:Key Optimisation Parameters:
Channel Allocation ProfileChannel Allocation Profile: Since the BCCH plan, if created using: Since the BCCH plan, if created using
an advanced AFP tool, will offer better C/I, the channel allocationan advanced AFP tool, will offer better C/I, the channel allocation
profile should be set as:profile should be set as:
BCCH allocation priorityBCCH allocation priority
BCCH timeBCCH time--slot fillingslot filling TCH random slot allocation (no controlled TCH filling)TCH random slot allocation (no controlled TCH filling)
Border Area ControlBorder Area Control: If 1/1 or 1/3 is deployed over an area,: If 1/1 or 1/3 is deployed over an area,
special consideration must be given to the border with thespecial consideration must be given to the border with the
traditional cluster. Expect 1/3 sites to suffer higher interferencetraditional cluster. Expect 1/3 sites to suffer higher interference
from 1/1 sites if they share the same band, because of the higherfrom 1/1 sites if they share the same band, because of the higherfractional load with 1/3.fractional load with 1/3.
FER and not RXQUALFER and not RXQUAL: RXQUAL is very pessimistic in frequency: RXQUAL is very pessimistic in frequency--
hopped networks. Drivehopped networks. Drive--testing should be based upon FER.testing should be based upon FER.
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Slide 26
Optimisation of a frequencyOptimisation of a frequency--hopped networkhopped network
Key Optimisation Parameters:Key Optimisation Parameters:
Power Control SamplesPower Control Samples: The number of samples used for: The number of samples used for
estimating RXLEV and RXQUAL will depend upon location: Inestimating RXLEV and RXQUAL will depend upon location: In
motorway areas, with fast moving mobiles, select few samples. Inmotorway areas, with fast moving mobiles, select few samples. In
urban areas with slower moving traffic select more samples.urban areas with slower moving traffic select more samples.
Downlink Quality TriggerDownlink Quality Trigger: Typically RXQual 4: Typically RXQual 4--5.5. Handover ParametersHandover Parameters:: Handover RXLEV sample filter andHandover RXLEV sample filter and
ramping lengths.ramping lengths.
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Slide 27
SummarySummary
GSM networks have evolved considerably over the last 11GSM networks have evolved considerably over the last 11
years.years.
Several techniques are now available for icreasingSeveral techniques are now available for icreasing
network capacitynetwork capacity
Fractional Reuse is now a very common techniqueFractional Reuse is now a very common technique Implementation of fractional reuse requires the adoptionImplementation of fractional reuse requires the adoption
of interference reducing methodsof interference reducing methods