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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Lower Limb
Skeleton (homologous with upper limb)
Muscles--anterior, posterior compartments
Nerves--sciatic, femoral
Surface anatomy
What is a limb? Skeleton Joints Pelvis or limb girdle Hip/Hip Muscles Lumber and sacral
plexus—getting spinal nerves out onto limb
Muscles—anterior and posterior compartments
Surface anatomy
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
What is a limb? Ventral somatic outgrowth of
outer tube Bones (made of bony tissue,
cartilage, and other tissues) Joints Muscles Nerves (with motor neurons to
muscles, sensory neurons to skin, proprioceptors)
No viscera--all innervation is somatic (motor or sensory) from ventral ramus of spinal nerve (except autonomics to blood vessels)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Upper Limb
Scapula Humerus Radius, ulna Carpals Digits
Metacarpals Phalanges
Lower Limb
Pelvis Femur Tibia, fibula Tarsals Digits
Metatarsals Phalanges
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Scapula Humerus Radius, ulna Carpals Digits
Metacarpals Phalanges
Upper Limb
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Tibia/fibula
Tibia--big toe side Fibula--little toe side
(no pronation/supination)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Ankle
Talus--forms ankle joint
Calcaneus--forms heel
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Foot Function: Support weight Act as lever when walking
Tarsals Talus = ankle
• Between tibia + fibula• Articulates w/both
Calcaneus = heel• Attachment for Calcaneal
tendon• Carries talus
Metatarsals Homologous to metacarpals
Phalanges Smaller, less nimble
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Joints of Lower Limb
Hip (femur + acetabulum) Ball + socket Multiaxial Synovial
Knee (femur + patella) Plane Gliding of patella Synovial
Knee (femur + tibia) Hinge Biaxial Synovial
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Joints of Lower Limb
Proximal Tibia + Fibula Plane Gliding Synovial
Distal Tibia + Fibula Slight “give” Fibrous
Ankle (Tibia/Fibula + Talus) Hinge Uniaxial Synovial
pg 218
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Lower Limb Movements Hip
Flexion/extension Abduction/adduction Lateral/medial rotation
Knee Flexion/extension
Ankle Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion Inversion/eversion
Toes Flexion/extension
Bending on posterior side is flexion (except hip)
Bending on anterior sided is extension (except hip)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Pelvic tilt and a reverse lumbar curve
(or how we got to be upright)
Bowl concept pelvis spills forward Hernia “beer belly” In human minor pelvis is
behind (posterior) to guts and abdominal cavity
Compare human pelvic position with quadruped (cat for instance)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Human pelvis still has quadruped orientation
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Bony structure of the pelvis
MAIN STRUCTURES Hip bone (innominate,
os coxae)--fusion of Ilium (“hips”) Ischium (“rear”) Pubis (anterior midline)
Sacrum and coccyx Acetabulum Femur--head, neck,
greater trochanter
HOLES False and true pelvis
(major, minor pelvis) Pelvic inlet, pelvic outlet Sacrotuberous ligament Sacrospinous ligament Greater, lesser sciatic
foramen Obturator foramen
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Female Male
Cavity is broad, shallow Pelvic inlet oval + outlet round Bones are lighter, thinner Pubic angle larger Coccyx more flexible, straighter Ischial tuberosities shorter,
more everted
Cavity is narrow, deep Smaller inlet + outlet Bones heavier, thicker Pubic angle more acute Coccyx less flexible, more curved Ischial tuberosities longer, face
more medially
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Posterior and lateral hip
Gluts (gluteal nn.) Maximus—extensor of thigh Medius--pelvic tilt (relative to
insertion with foot planted) Lateral rotators (spinal nn.)
Piriformis syndrome
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Anterior Hip
Iliopsoas iliacus psoas
Quadratus lumborum
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Lumbar and sacral plexus
Mr. Bill is happy—so easy
Lumbar plexus forms femoral n.—anterior
Sacral plexus forms sciatic n.--posterior
Femoral n.
Sciatic n.
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Lumbar plexus (femoral nerve)
Sacral plexus (sciatic nerve)
With leg out to side like quadruped, lumbar-anterior, sacral-posterior makes sense
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Dermatomes show twisting of leg during development
Dorsal becomes anterior: thus “dorsiflexion” and extension in anterior compartment (unlike upper limb)
Ventral becomes posterior: thus flexion is in posterior compartment (unlike upper limb)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Anterior/Posterior compartments
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
MOVEMENT Extension Flexion
MUSCLES Quads
Shin
Hamstrings
Gastrocs
NERVES Femoral n.
(lumbar plexus)
Sciatic n.
(sacral plexus)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Thigh movements by compartment
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Anterior thigh (femoral n.)
Sartorius (Tailor’s muscle)
Quads (four) Rectus femoris
(crosses hip) 3 vastus mm.
(vast--big)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Posterior thigh (sciatic n.) Hamstrings
Biceps femoris Semimembranous Semitendinous
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Medial thigh (obturator n.)
Adductor muscles Gracilis Adductor
• Magnus• Longus• brevis
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Leg movements by compartment (in leg all nn are branches of sciatic)
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Anterior Leg (deep fibular n.)
Extensors (dorsiflexors) Fibularis (peroneus)
longus Extensor digitorum
longus Extensor hallicus longus Tibialis anteriorus
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Lateral Leg (superficial fibular n.)
Fibularis brevis/longus
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Posterior Leg (tibial n.)
Flexors (plantarflexors) Gastrocs and
soleus Flexor digitorum
longus Flexor hallucus
longus
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Human gait
Humans only large mammal marathoners, ultra-runners
Prehistoric cultures hunted by exhausting large prey
Bipedalism very efficient energetically
Gastroc-Achilles spring One other large mammal
more efficient—also bipedal
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Intrinsics of foot
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Surface Anatomy: Anterior Thigh + Leg
Palpate Patella Condyles of femur
Femoral Triangle Sartorius (lateral) Adductor longus (medial) Inguinal ligament
(superior) Femoral a + v, lymph
nodes
pg 785
pg 792
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Surface Anatomy: Posterior Leg
Popliteal fossa Diamond-shape fossa
behind knee Boundaries
Biceps femoris (sup-lat) Semitendinosis +
semimembranosis (sup-med)
Gastrocnemius heads (inf) Contents
Popliteal a + v
Calcaneal (Achilles) tendonpg 793
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Frolich, Human Anatomy, Lower LImb
Blood supply to lower limb
Internal Iliac Cranial + Caudal Gluteals= gluteals Internal Pudendal = perineum, external
genitalia Obturator = adductor muscles
External Iliac Femoral = lower limb
• Deep femoral = adductors, hamstrings, quadriceps
Popliteal (continuation of femoral) • Geniculars = knee• Anterior Tibial = ant. leg muscles, further
branches to feet• Posterior Tibial = flexor muscles, plantar
arch, branches to toes