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From Nationalism to Independence: South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria
2011 Clairmont Press
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South Africa - Beginnings
• Founded in the mid-1600s by the Dutch as a trade post
• Dutch settlers were called the Boers• The British took over the colony in the early
1800s, which forced the Dutch north into Zulu territory
• After warfare with the Zulus, the Dutch set up two new states: Transvaal and Orange Free State
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South Africa - Beginnings
• Early 1900s – the two Dutch states were merged with British South Africa to form the Union of South Africa
• British discovered large deposits of gold and diamonds
• Native Africans formed the African National Congress (ANC) to protest against their unfair treatment as second-class citizens
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Apartheid
• Apartheid – a strict system of separation of the races in South Africa
• African National Congress worked to end this unfair system
• Other countries placed embargos, or refusals to trade, on South Africa
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Apartheid
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End of Apartheid
• By 1985, pressure from the embargos and the ANC forced the South African government to begin making changes.
• 1994 – South Africa held its first multiracial elections and Nelson Mandela was elected as the country’s first black president.
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Kenya
• Kenya gained its independence from British rule in 1964 under the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta and the Kenyan African National Union (KNAU).
• Kenyatta’s government was not open or free.• Kenyatta, and later Daniel arap Moi, ran
unopposed in every national election until the 1990s.
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Kenya
• In the 1990s, the international community told Moi that unless Kenya improved their civil rights record, economic assistance from them would be cut off.
• There has been some improvement in the political rights of Kenya’s people, but much more is needed.
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Kenya
• Some argue that a traditional, western style democracy does not fit Kenya’s past or traditions.
• The country remains a multi-party nation, technically, but in reality the KNAU still controls most of the government.
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Nigeria
• Nigeria gained independence from Britain in 1960.
• After only a few months, a civil war began between the Christian south and the Muslim north.
• The war killed and injured thousands of people. • In the following years, there have been several
military coups and outbreaks of violence.
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Nigeria
• In 1999, elections were held that seemed more free and open, but the government remains unstable.
• Nigeria has the potential to be wealthy from oil deposits, but as a result of government corruption, this resource has not been developed.
• Nigeria must rely on foreign aid and supplies for its people.