Download - From tree-dwelling primate to genus Homo
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THE EMERGENCE OF THE FIRST HUMAN BEINGS
From tree-dwelling primateto genus Homo
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Overview of the lecture
The dwindling forest habitatThe earliest ground dwelling HominidsEvolution of the foot: Bipedal locomotionEvolution of the hand: Tool useEvolving brain: path to language and cultureHomo erectus Homo sapiens.
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The dwindlng forest habitat
Impact of climate change
Retreat to the tree at night: chimps.
Full-time life on the ground: Australopithecus
Requirements for life on the dangerous ground. Improved tool use. Stronger social organization Group communication
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Bipedal locomotion and tool use
Why not return to quadruped movement?
Need to carry tools and food.
Need to see on the grassy savannah.
“Natural selection”: Differential mortality
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Key evolutionary process:Evolution of the human brain
Increase in brain / body size.
Restructuring of the brain.
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Cross section of the human brain
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The localization of cerebral functions
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Impact on females and childbirth
The dilemma of painful childbirth.
Prolonged childhood dependence
The antecedents to human family and marriage.
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From biological to cultural evolution
From genetically programmed to learned behavior.
The emergence of a cultural mode of survival.
The relation between “culture” and “intelligence”
Biological evolution and racial differences.
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Homo erectus and migration to China
African origins of the genus Homo.
Homo erectus: 100% increase in brain size
The Homo erectus tool kit
Homo erectus and long distance migration.
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Peking Man北京猿人 Běijīng Yuánrén
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Peking man
Found at Zhoukoudian near Beijing in 1920s. Goes back as far as 770,000 years.Began with a tooth. Later excavations yielded
skullcaps jawbones, facial and limb bones, the teeth of about 40 individuals
Average cranial capacity: 1,000 cc. Special features: first documented use of fire.The disappearance of the fossils.
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The emergence of modern humans
The increased brain: from 800 to 1,250 cc.
From core tools to flake tools
The Neanderthal question.
Cro-Magnons, hunting, and long-distance running.
The Cro-Magnon cave paintings
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The evolutionary sequence to Homo sapiens
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Altamira cave bison
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Cave painting hunting scene
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Dancing shaman
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The question of language origins
No direct evidence in the fossil record.
Homo erectus and the theory of “proto language”
Cro-magnons almost certainly had language
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“Stone age” technologies
Paleolithic big game hunting.
Mesolothic: hunting / gathering
Neolithic: the transition to agriculture
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Disappearance of big game hunters
Impact of climate change.
Retreat of the animals.
Migration to the Americas
“Paleolithic overkill”:
Emergence of the “Mesolithic”
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From Paleolithic to Mesolithic
Paleolithic economies disappeared millennia ago.Definition of “Paleolithic” and “Mesolithic” Cultural anthropologists have studied groups
using Mesolithic technology: hunting and gathering.
Examples: Inuit (Eskimo) Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert Australian aborigines Pygmies of Central Africa
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Ethnographic Strategy: Participant observation
“Holistic” description as the first task.Search for universal components of human cultures.Economic base: making a living.Kinship and marriage.The raising of children.Expressive dimensions of culture: music, art, etc.Power and conflict resolutionHealing of illness.Disposal of the deadReligion: dealing with invisible spirits.
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Hunter-gatherer features
Economy: hunting wild animals, gathering vegetation.
Long distance running.Occupational specialization only by age and gender.Monogamous egalitarian gender relations. Domestic economy: Sharing of meat.Social organization: Nomadic bands. Much leisure time. Relgion: zoomorphic spirits.