Download - Fs Ch 7
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FingerprintsFingerprints
Chapter 7Chapter 7
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HistoryHistory Alphonse Bertillon: Alphonse Bertillon: -anthropometry/father of criminal identification-anthropometry/father of criminal identification
1892 Francis Galton published classic textbook 1892 Francis Galton published classic textbook Finger PrintsFinger Prints
-British government adopted fingerprinting as a -British government adopted fingerprinting as a supplement to Bertillon systemsupplement to Bertillon system
-classification systems needed to file thousands of -classification systems needed to file thousands of prints in logical/searchable sequenceprints in logical/searchable sequence
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HistoryHistory Dr Juan Vucetich (Arentina): Dr Juan Vucetich (Arentina): -classification system-classification system-used in most Spanish-speaking countries-used in most Spanish-speaking countries-1892 single f/p solved homicide -1892 single f/p solved homicide
Sir Edward Henry (UK): Sir Edward Henry (UK): -classification system using the fingerprint -classification system using the fingerprint
pattern/ridge countspattern/ridge counts-Henry system used in English-speaking countries-Henry system used in English-speaking countries-uses a formula to assign numerical values to types -uses a formula to assign numerical values to types
of print patternsof print patterns-filed under that numeric system-filed under that numeric system
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HistoryHistory 1850’s: 1850’s:
-photographing inmates for ID purposes-photographing inmates for ID purposes
Allan Pinkerton: Allan Pinkerton:
-rogues gallery-rogues gallery
NYPD Detective Thomas Byrnes:NYPD Detective Thomas Byrnes:
-NYPD gallery-NYPD gallery
-“mug” shots-“mug” shots
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HistoryHistory Will West/William West (1903)Will West/William West (1903)-Leavenworth prison-Leavenworth prison-2 inmates/same name/same -2 inmates/same name/same
anthropometrical measurementsanthropometrical measurements-fingerprints distinguished them-fingerprints distinguished them
1904 World’s Fair: 1904 World’s Fair: -Scotland Yard introduces fingerprinting to -Scotland Yard introduces fingerprinting to
US PoliceUS Police
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Mug shotsMug shotsNYPD: original NYPD: original
collection of mug collection of mug shotsshots
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Mug shotsMug shotsCollection of mug Collection of mug
shotsshots
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Mug ShotsMug ShotsJohn DillingerJohn Dillinger
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Mug ShotsMug ShotsAlphonse CaponeAlphonse Capone
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Mug ShotsMug ShotsJames BrownJames Brown
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Mug ShotsMug ShotsNick NolteNick Nolte
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What are fingerprints?What are fingerprints?
Friction ridge skin pattern
Found on fingers, palms, toes, soles of feet.
Composed of ridges (hills) and furrows (valleys)
Black = RidgesWhite = Valleys
Fingerprints
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What are fingerprints?What are fingerprints?
Develop in early embryonic development.
Pattern based on genetics, detail somewhat random
Identical twins do not have identical fingerprints
Fingerprints
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There are 3 types of fingerprints
1. Visible – left by dirt, grease, blood, etc. Does not need processing
Fingerprints
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There are 3 types of fingerprints
2. Impression – indentation in soft material (butter, putty, tar, etc.)
Does not need processing
Fingerprints
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There are 3 types of fingerprints
3. Latent – requires processing to make visible and suitable for analysis
Fingerprints
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What are the invisible components?
Multiple sweat glands secrete onto fingers, palms, etc.
Sweat contains:
Inorganic ions (Na+, Cl -) Proteins, amino acids
Lipids Other
Fingerprints > Analysis
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Visible printsVisible prints
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Fingerprint PrinciplesFingerprint Principles Fingerprints: Fingerprints:
-reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the -reproduction of friction skin ridges found on the palm side of the fingers/thumbspalm side of the fingers/thumbs
3 principles: 3 principles:
1.1. Uniqueness:Uniqueness:
2.2. Permanence:Permanence:
3.3. Patterns:Patterns:
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Principle OnePrinciple One Millions of fingerprint comparisons:Millions of fingerprint comparisons:
-no two fingerprints have been found to be -no two fingerprints have been found to be identicalidentical
-identification is based on ridge characteristics -identification is based on ridge characteristics (minutiae)(minutiae)
-identity/number/relative location of minutiae-identity/number/relative location of minutiae
-imparts individuality to a fingerprint-imparts individuality to a fingerprint
-as many as 150 minutiae on the average finger-as many as 150 minutiae on the average finger
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Principle OnePrinciple One Points? How many required for ID in US Courts?Points? How many required for ID in US Courts?
-“no valid basis exists for requiring a predetermined -“no valid basis exists for requiring a predetermined minimum number of friction ridge characters minimum number of friction ridge characters which must be present in two impressions in which must be present in two impressions in order to establish positive identification”order to establish positive identification”
-sufficient number of friction ridge details present -sufficient number of friction ridge details present for conclusion 100%for conclusion 100%
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Principle OnePrinciple One Conclusions: Conclusions: -Subject made the print-Subject made the print -Subject could not have made the print-Subject could not have made the print -Print had insufficient detail to be evaluated-Print had insufficient detail to be evaluated In a judicial proceeding, an expert must In a judicial proceeding, an expert must
demonstrate a point-by-point comparison in order demonstrate a point-by-point comparison in order to prove the identity of an individual.to prove the identity of an individual.
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Principle TwoPrinciple Two Epidermis: Epidermis: -outer layer of the skin-outer layer of the skin Dermis:Dermis:-inner layer of the skin.-inner layer of the skin. Dermal papillae: Dermal papillae: -layer of cells between the epidermis and -layer of cells between the epidermis and
dermis/determines form and pattern of the ridges on dermis/determines form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin.the surface of the skin.
-develops in the fetus/remains unchanged-develops in the fetus/remains unchanged-skin ridge is populated with pores leading to sweat -skin ridge is populated with pores leading to sweat
glands from which perspiration is deposited on the skin.glands from which perspiration is deposited on the skin.-finger touches a surface,-finger touches a surface,-perspiration transferred onto that surface, leaving the -perspiration transferred onto that surface, leaving the
finger’s ridge pattern (a fingerprint). finger’s ridge pattern (a fingerprint).
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Principle ThreePrinciple Three
Fingerprints Fingerprints classified classified based on based on patterns:patterns:
Loop: Loop: -60 %-60 %
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Principle Principle ThreeThree
Whorls:Whorls:
35%35%
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WhorlsWhorlsDouble Loop WhorlDouble Loop Whorl
Accidental WhorlAccidental Whorl
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Principle ThreePrinciple Three ARCHES:ARCHES: Least common type of patternLeast common type of pattern
Only 5% of all patternsOnly 5% of all patterns
2 subcategories:2 subcategories: a. Plaina. Plain b. Tentedb. Tented
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ArchesArches
PlainPlain TentedTented
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Developing PrintsDeveloping Prints Latent prints hard/nonabsorbent Latent prints hard/nonabsorbent
surfaces (substrates):powdersurfaces (substrates):powder
Latent prints on porous surfaces: Latent prints on porous surfaces: chemicalchemical
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Detecting PrintsDetecting Prints Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System (RUVIS):Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System (RUVIS):-no chemicals or powder.-no chemicals or powder.
Powders:Powders:-variety of colors-variety of colors-brush/magnetic wand-brush/magnetic wand-adhere to perspiration and/or body oils-adhere to perspiration and/or body oils
Iodine fuming: Iodine fuming: -heating iodine crystals release vapors-heating iodine crystals release vapors--not permanent and will fadenot permanent and will fade
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Detecting PrintsDetecting Prints Ninhydrin:Ninhydrin: -reacts to amino acids-reacts to amino acids-produce a purple-blue color-produce a purple-blue color
Physical Developer :Physical Developer :-reagent used when other chemical methods are -reagent used when other chemical methods are
ineffective.ineffective.
Super GlueSuper Glue®:®:
--cyanoacrylate estercyanoacrylate ester-fuming chamber (for up to six hours)-fuming chamber (for up to six hours)-handheld wand-handheld wand
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Developing PrintsDeveloping Prints Fluorescence:Fluorescence:
-prints treated with chemicals that induce -prints treated with chemicals that induce fluorescence when exposed to lasers/high-intensity fluorescence when exposed to lasers/high-intensity light sources light sources
-permanently preserve comparison/court evidence-permanently preserve comparison/court evidence
-photographs must be taken before attempts at -photographs must be taken before attempts at lifting lifting
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Physical Development: Dusting
Apply powder to latent print or area.
Powder adheres to print.
Brush and Powder
Fingerprints > Analysis
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Physical Development: Dusting
Apply powder to latent print or area.
Powder adheres to print.
Magnetic Brush
and Powder
Fingerprints > Analysis
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PowderPowderLatent print Latent print
developed with developed with powder powder
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PowderPowder Print in dust:Print in dust:
Left-actual printLeft-actual print
Middle-developed Middle-developed with powderwith powder
Right-photographedRight-photographed
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PowderPowder Shell casingShell casing
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Chemical Development:
2. Iodine Fuming Iodine sublimes
(solid → gas) Iodine reacts with lipid
components; becomes trapped in the print.
Fuming wand or chamber
Dirty Brown Color
Fingerprints > Analysis
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Chemical Development:
3. Ninhydrin Reacts with amino acids; purple color Painted or sprayed on area Heated to react
Fingerprints > Analysis
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Chemical Development:
4. Super glue fuming Fumes with heat or base (NaOH) Fumed in cabinets Off-white print
Fingerprints > Analysis
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Chemical Development:
Ninhydrin and super glue prints can be further processed:
Dusted Chemically treated to
fluoresce (using laser or alternative light)
Fingerprints > Analysis
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DevelopmentDevelopmentFingerprints on the Fingerprints on the
inside of a rubber inside of a rubber gloveglove
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Development Development Fingerprints Fingerprints
developed on developed on plastic bagplastic bag
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DevelopmentDevelopmentInside of rubber Inside of rubber
gloves treated with gloves treated with ninhydrinninhydrin
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DevelopmentDevelopment NinhydrinNinhydrin
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DevelopmentDevelopment Ninhydrin-Note Ninhydrin-Note
initials at top-initials at top-CHAIN OF CHAIN OF CUSTODYCUSTODY
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DevelopmentDevelopmentSuper glue Super glue
developed printsdeveloped prints
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Super glueSuper glue Heating unitHeating unit
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Super GlueSuper Glue Drops of glue Drops of glue
added and heatedadded and heated
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Super GlueSuper Glue Do it yourself super Do it yourself super
glue chamberglue chamber
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DevelopingDevelopingLatent prints Latent prints
visulaized using visulaized using fluorescent powderfluorescent powder
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DevelopingDevelopingDifferent colored Different colored
fluorescent powderfluorescent powder
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Development and Collection:
No rule: Depends on situation
Fingerprint must be photographed after development (scene or lab)
Fingerprints > Analysis
Scene or Lab?
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Development and CollectionDevelopment and Collection Small objects:Small objects:-preserved/transported in entirety-preserved/transported in entirety
Large immovable objects:Large immovable objects:-develop prints with powder-develop prints with powder-“lifting” with a broad adhesive tape-“lifting” with a broad adhesive tape-tape is placed on labeled card -tape is placed on labeled card
providing good background contrast providing good background contrast with the powderwith the powder
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Digital ImagingDigital Imaging Digital imaging:Digital imaging:-picture converted into a digital -picture converted into a digital
computer filecomputer file-fingerprints enhanced for the most -fingerprints enhanced for the most
accurate/ comprehensive analysisaccurate/ comprehensive analysis Compare function:Compare function:-two images side by side-two images side by side-allows the examiner to chart the both -allows the examiner to chart the both
images simultaneouslyimages simultaneously
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Collection of prints:
Tape lift:
Tape placed over developed print Tape then placed on white card.
Fingerprints > Collection
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Collection of prints:
Sometimes a photograph will be the only permanent record.
Fingerprints > Collection
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Fingerprint KitFingerprint Kit
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How are fingerprints analyzed?How are fingerprints analyzed?
Categorized by pattern and minutiae
Fingerprints
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How are fingerprints analyzed?How are fingerprints analyzed?
Patterns
Loop Whorl Arch
Fingerprints
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How are fingerprints analyzed?How are fingerprints analyzed?
Minutiae
Dot
Bifurcation
Island
Ridge Ending
Fingerprints
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AFISAFIS Computer scans/digitally encode fingerprints Computer scans/digitally encode fingerprints
-aids in classifying and retrieving fingerprints -aids in classifying and retrieving fingerprints
-converts image of fingerprint into digital minutiae-converts image of fingerprint into digital minutiae
-contain data showing minutia -contain data showing minutia
-produces a list of file prints-produces a list of file prints
-must be examined by a trained fingerprint expert-must be examined by a trained fingerprint expert
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Old system of fingerprintsOld system of fingerprints
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AFISAFIS
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Modern Fingerprint Analysis
Computer system stores patterns and minutiae of prints
AFIS: automated fingerprint identification system
Fingerprints
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Computer software compares the location of these minutiae.
Fingerprints
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AFISAFISAFIS highlights all AFIS highlights all
the identifiable the identifiable minutia.minutia.
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Madrid Bombing TimelineMadrid Bombing Timeline
March 11, 2004March 11, 2004– Terrorists bomb several trains in Madrid, SpainTerrorists bomb several trains in Madrid, Spain
March 13, 2004March 13, 2004– LPU receives electronic transmission of digital LPU receives electronic transmission of digital
images (no info, scale, etc.) images (no info, scale, etc.) 8 latent prints8 latent prints Known exemplars Known exemplars
March 19, 2004March 19, 2004– LPU identifies/verifies one latent LPU identifies/verifies one latent
fingerprint as a result of an automated searchfingerprint as a result of an automated search
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April 13, 2004April 13, 2004– Spanish National Police (SNP) issues Spanish National Police (SNP) issues
‘negativo’ report regarding latent print‘negativo’ report regarding latent print April 21, 2004April 21, 2004
– LPU rep travels to Spain to provide basis LPU rep travels to Spain to provide basis of identification to SNPof identification to SNP
MadridMadrid
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May 6, 2004May 6, 2004– Brandon Mayfield arrested by FBI Brandon Mayfield arrested by FBI
PortlandPortland May 19, 2004 (in California)May 19, 2004 (in California)
– Defense expert verifies FBI identificationDefense expert verifies FBI identification May 19, 2004May 19, 2004
– SNP informs FBI they have identified the SNP informs FBI they have identified the latent fingerprint with another individuallatent fingerprint with another individual
May 20, 2004May 20, 2004– Judge releases MayfieldJudge releases Mayfield
MadridMadrid
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MADRID BOMBINGMADRID BOMBING