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MINERAL ORES
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Andesite
Basalt
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Diorite
Gabbro
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Granite
Obsidian
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Pegmatite
Peridotite
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Pumice
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Rhyolite
Scoria
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Tuff
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Amphibolite
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Gneiss
Hornfels
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Marble
Novaculite
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Phyllite
Quartzite
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Schist
Muscovite Schist
Chlorite Schist
Garnet Schist
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Slate
Soapstone
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Breccia
Chert
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Coal
Conglomerate
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Dolomite
Dolomite aggregate, used for asphalt
paving from Penfield, New York. These specimens are approximately 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1.3 centimeters
to 2.5 centimeters) across.
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Photograph of a specimen of the Little
Falls Dolostone from Herkimer County, New York. This dolostone is the host rock for the doubly-
terminated quartz crystals known as "Herkimer Diamonds." It is vuggy, has a high silica content, and is
much harder and tougher than the typical dolomite. The Herkimer Diamonds are found in petroleum-lined
vugs in the rock unit. Part of a Herkimer Diamond is visible in the large vug on the left side of this
specimen.
A specimen of coarsely crystalline
dolomitic marble from Thornwood, New York. This specimen is approximately 3 inches (6.7
centimeters) across.
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Flint
One of the most common uses of flint by
prehistoric people was in the making of arrowheads. They were hard, tough and very sharp. Image by
mcleandesign.com.
A lithic knife made from flint. Photo ©
Martin Vallière, iStockphoto.
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The Alibates Flint has been used by
people of southwestern North America for about 13,000 years. The quarries used by these people have
been preserved as part of the Alibates Flint Quarry National Monument. [7] National Park Service image.
The Vanport Flint has been quarried by
people for at least 12,000 years. It outcrops in a layer between one and twelve feet thick along Flint Ridge
in eastern Ohio. Native Americans produced the flint from hundreds of quarries along the ridge. Some of
these people travelled hundreds of miles to collect the flint, used it to make a variety of tools and
weapons, and traded it widely throughout what is now the eastern United States.
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Flint is a variety of microcrystalline or
cryptocrystalline quartz. It occurs as nodules and concretionary masses and less frequently as a layered
deposit. It breaks consistently with a conchoidal fracture and was one of the first materials used to make
tools by early people. They used it to make cutting tools. After thousands of years, people continue to use
it. It is presently used as the cutting edge in some of the finest surgical tools. This specimen is about four
inches (ten centimeters) across and is from Dover Cliffs, England.
Flint is often cut into dome-shaped
stones known as cabochons. These can be set into pins, belt buckles, pendants, bolos and other jewelry
items.
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A portion of a wall of a medieval
building in Suffolk, UK built with split flints. Photo © John Woodcock, iStockphoto.
Iron Ore
Iron Ore: A specimen of oolitic
hematite iron ore. The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Limestone
Limestone: The specimen shown is
about two inches (five centimeters) across.
Coquina: This photo shows the shell
hash known as coquina. The rock shown here is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
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Chalk: A fine-grained, light-colored
limestone formed from the calcium carbonate skeletal remains of tiny marine organisms.
Tufa: A porous limestone that forms
from the precipitation of calcium carbonate, often at a hot spring or along the shoreline of a lake where
waters are saturated with calcium carbonate.
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Crinoidal Limestone: Is a limestone
that contains a significant amount of crinoid fossils. Crinoids are organisms that have the morphology of a
stemmed plant but are actually animals. Rarely, crinoidal and other types of limestone, have the ability to
accept a bright polish and have interesting colors. These specimens can be made into interesting organic
gems. This cabochon is about 39 millimeters square and was cut from material found in China.
Oil Sands
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Oil-Shale
Rock Salt
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Sandstone
Shale
Shale: Shale breaks into thin pieces with
sharp edges. It occurs in a wide range of colors that include: red, brown, green, gray, and black. It is the
most common sedimentary rock and is found in sedimentary basins worldwide.
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Organic-rich black shale. Natural gas and
oil are sometimes trapped in the tiny pore spaces of this type of shale.
Oil shale is a rock that contains a
significant amount of organic material in the form of solid kerogen. Up to 1/3 of the rock can be solid
organic material.
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Siltstone