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Functional Classification So important that no one
wants to talk about it
Friday, July 26, 2013
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Peter Norton historian, professor, author University of Virginia
http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/fighting-traffic
Andy Boenau, AICP
plangineer, raconteur Timmons Group
http://www.urbanismspeakeasy.com
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1
Not so bold
Content Speaker Time
housekeeping APA 5 min
interpretation of streets is critical Andy 5 min
traditional American streets Peter 30 min
modernist American streets Andy 20 min
discussion Everyone 30 min
2
3
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1 The way we interpret
(or classify) streets
is critical.
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Conformity is not maturity.
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Street Interpretation
Or:
How I
learned
to stop
worrying about
folklore
engineering
and love common sense
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the opposite of
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Land Use.
Transportation.
Land Use.
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2 traditional American streets
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Functional
Classification
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Does this make sense?
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Functional classification of what?
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High-Speed Trains Express Trains Automobiles Rail Rapid Transit Bus Rapid Transit Local Trains Local Buses Bicycles Pedestrians
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Functional classification for whom?
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“Mobility” for what?
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“Mobility” for what?
—for cars
for cars
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“Mobility” for what?
—for cars
for cars
What is “higher mobility”?
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“Mobility” for what?
—for cars
for cars
What is “higher mobility”?
speed
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“Mobility” for what?
—for cars
for cars
What is “higher mobility”?
speed
function = fast access for cars
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For the 1972 Highway Needs report, the
highway departments included as a “need”
road improvements sufficient to move all
projected traffic during the period 1970-1989
at a minimum speed of 35-40 miles per
hour. The total bill for achieving this goal
would be would be 592 billion dollars.
— Mashaw (1973), citing 1972 USDoT National Highway Need Report
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High access for whom?
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What is mobility?
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What is mobility?
Do we really mean speed?
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Austell Road, Marietta, Georgia
an urban arterial affording “higher mobility”
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Austell Road, Marietta, Georgia
an urban arterial affording “higher mobility”?
javascript:void(0)
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Austell Road, Marietta, Georgia
an urban arterial affording “higher mobility”?
javascript:void(0)
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Rochester 1904: no functional classification (?)
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Is this low mobility? —or just low speed?
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Is this low mobility? —or just low speed?
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Boston 1906
No functional
classification?
Low mobility?
What about
access?
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Functional classification was not invented by AASHO.
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Functional classification was not invented by AASHO.
Objective research cannot tell us definitively which
functions are correct and which are incorrect.
.
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Functional classification was not invented by AASHO.
Objective research cannot tell us definitively which
functions are correct and which are incorrect.
Objective research cannot tell us which classifications
to choose.
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Functional classification was not invented by AASHO.
Objective research cannot tell us definitively which
functions are correct and which are incorrect.
Objective research cannot tell us which classifications
to choose.
History can open the black box to disclose alternatives.
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Functional classification was not invented by AASHO.
Objective research cannot tell us definitively which
functions are correct and which are incorrect.
Objective research cannot tell us which classifications
to choose.
History can open the black box to disclose alternatives.
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Does this make sense?
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Out of public funds made available by generous
contributions of street users themselves, [we can
build] adequate, safe, efficient, and modern traffic
facilities so that automobile users will will provide
their own transportation of a high character at
their own operating costs.
— Miller McClintock, 1930
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for Cars
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In a city, what does “land access” for cars mean?
for Cars
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AASSTO
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AASSTO
American Association of
State Septic Tank Officials
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AASSTO
American Association of
State Septic Tank Officials
Want the right septic tank for your setting?
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AASSTO
American Association of
State Septic Tank Officials
Want the right septic tank for your setting?
Check the AASSTO Brown Book for
our Functional Classification Guide
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AASSTO
American Association of
State Septic Tank Officials
Want the right septic tank for your setting?
Check the AASSTO Brown Book for
our Functional Classification Guide
You’ll find the right septic tank for your needs—
whether you’re in Manhattan, Kansas,
or Manhattan, New York.
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surface septic fields
multistory septic structures
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surface parking lots
parking garages
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for Cars
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Parking
for Cars
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Parking for Cars
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Parking
Parkin
g (zero
mo
bility)
for Cars
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Land access for cars in Portland, Oregon (1962)
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Google autocomplete test:
What will we get if we add a v?
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1917: mobility ≠ speed
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function ≠ speed x access
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Streets are for children to play in.
— “Mr. Aronson,” Newark, New Jersey,
1912
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Who belongs in the street?
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JUSTICE
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The streets were made for the public
in general, not specially for autoists.
— James O. Millar, Chicago pedestrian, 1915
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Pittsburgh 1928
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Are streets for commercial
and pleasure traffic alone?
— Bessie Buckley, Milwaukee teacher, 1920
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St. Louis 1923
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New York 1928 St. Louis 1923
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New York City, 1916
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1920
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Baltimore 1922
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Baltimore 1922 St. Louis 1923
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Speed must always give way to safety.
— Ralph Richards, 1912
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Speed is identified in the public
mind—at least in the pedestrian
public mind—with accidents.
— Harold Stokes, November 25, 1924
Speed must always give way to safety.
— Ralph Richards, 1912
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“If safety is not realized, there will come a time when the
public will demand drastic action—no matter how hard
it may hit the pocketbooks of automobile manufacturers,
dealers and owners.”
— Milwaukee Leader, 1920
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“If safety is not realized, there will come a time when the
public will demand drastic action—no matter how hard
it may hit the pocketbooks of automobile manufacturers,
dealers and owners.”
— Milwaukee Leader, 1920
“This dreadful slaughter must be stopped. If necessary,
regulations severe and searching enough to do it must be
adopted and enforced. … If reasonable safety of life
and limb can only be had by impairing the motor car’s
efficiency the motor car will have to pay that price.”
— St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1923
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“If safety is not realized, there will come a time when the
public will demand drastic action—no matter how hard
it may hit the pocketbooks of automobile manufacturers,
dealers and owners.”
— Milwaukee Leader, 1920
“This dreadful slaughter must be stopped. If necessary,
regulations severe and searching enough to do it must be
adopted and enforced. … If reasonable safety of life
and limb can only be had by impairing the motor car’s
efficiency the motor car will have to pay that price.”
— St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1923
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The causes of accidents … are
men and not machines.
— Cincinnati Enquirer, 1923
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The causes of accidents … are
men and not machines.
— Cincinnati Enquirer, 1923
The reckless driver … is the
main cause of accidents.
— Alfred Reeves, General Manager,
National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, 1923.
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Are streets for commercial and
pleasure traffic alone?
— Bessie Buckley, Milwaukee teacher, 1920
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The streets were made
for vehicles to run upon.
— Charles Hayes, president, Chicago Motor Club, 1920
Are streets for commercial and
pleasure traffic alone?
— Bessie Buckley, Milwaukee teacher, 1920
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1923
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Pedestrians must be
educated to know that
automobiles have rights.
— George M. Graham, auto manufacturer, 1924
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Automotive Industries, 1924
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The ridicule of their fellow citizens is far more
effective than any other means which might be
adopted [to control pedestrians].
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The ridicule of their fellow citizens is far more
effective than any other means which might be
adopted [to control pedestrians].
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The ridicule of their fellow citizens is far more
effective than any other means which might be
adopted [to control pedestrians].
We have recognized that in controlling traffic
we must take into consideration the study of
human psychology, rather than approach it
solely as an engineering problem.
— E.B. Lefferts, Automobile Club of Southern California, 1927
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The ridicule of their fellow citizens is far more
effective than any other means which might be
adopted [to control pedestrians].
We have recognized that in controlling traffic
we must take into consideration the study of
human psychology, rather than approach it
solely as an engineering problem.
— E.B. Lefferts, Automobile Club of Southern California, 1927
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Jaywalker (n): One who crosses a
street without observing the traffic
regulations for pedestrians.
—The Practical Standard Dictionary of the
English Language (New York, 1924), p. 620.
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We hear the
shameful
complaint of
jay walkers,
to console
jay drivers.
—George
Davies, St. Louis
pedestrian, 1922
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We hear the
shameful
complaint of
jay walkers,
to console
jay drivers.
—George
Davies, St. Louis
pedestrian, 1922
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1924
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1922
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1925
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The day of the
emotional sob
sister campaign
has passed. — Charles M. Hayes, president,
Chicago Motor Club, 1926
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EFFICIENCY
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“Streets are public property—not to be
abused but to be used with convenience
for the good of the greatest number.”
— George H. Herrold, city planning engineer, 1927
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“Scientific organization of traffic could
cut traffic congestion at once by half.”
— J. Rowland Bibbins, traffic engineer, 1924
“Streets are public property—not to be
abused but to be used with convenience
for the good of the greatest number.”
— George H. Herrold, city planning engineer, 1927
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The obvious solution … lies only in
a radical revision of our conception
of what a city street is for.
— Engineering News-Record, 1922
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FREEDOM
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“Americans’ ancestors came to this country
for the sake of freedom and adventure. The
automobile satisfies these instincts.”
— Roy Chapin, Hudson Motor Car Company, 1924
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“Americans’ ancestors came to this country
for the sake of freedom and adventure. The
automobile satisfies these instincts.”
— Roy Chapin, Hudson Motor Car Company, 1924
“Street traffic congestion is a problem of
unbalanced supply and demand.”
— Miller McClintock, traffic expert, 1930
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The motor car was invented so
that man could go faster. …
the major inherent quality of
the automobile is speed.
— Ray W. Sherman, 1935
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“The city of tomorrow will be an
automotive city”
— Miller McClintock, traffic expert, 1937
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Super-highways must be
constructed and they must
serve the heart of the city.
— Charles Hayes, president of
the Chicago Motor Club, 1945
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“Who controls the past
controls the future; who
controls the present
controls the past.”
— George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
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“our burning love affair with the automobile”
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“our burning love affair with the automobile”
“the long honeymoon with our new sweetheart”
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“our burning love affair with the automobile”
“the long honeymoon with our new sweetheart”
“The motor car was being treated like the new girl in
town.”
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“our burning love affair with the automobile”
“the long honeymoon with our new sweetheart”
“The motor car was being treated like the new girl in
town.”
“Our romance with the automobile—it’s still going on.
Our honeymoon ended … but we’re still very much
married to Lizzie. We don’t always know how to get
along with her, but you certainly can’t get along
without her. And if that isn’t marriage I don’t know
what is.”
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frequency of love affair with the automobile in works in English scanned by Google, 1900-2000
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3 modernist American streets
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The
false
choice
hierarchy.
Arterial
Collector
Local
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Successful
application of
folklore engineering.
Level of Service A.
Highly efficient operations.
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Message from the authorities:
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A silly performance.
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(said every DOT everywhere)
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20 mph = livable
40 mph = killable
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The perceived war
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Change the conversation.
My community’s campaign
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The
myth
of a
faster
horse.
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reclaiming our streets
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equal pay for
equal work
a tree in your
living room
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Redemption
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J FKFB INAT OUP S
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JFK FBI NATO UPS
re- v
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Fact: engineers and planners sometimes have the same goal
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http://www.virginiadot.org/info/transportation_efficient_land_use_and_design_guide.asp
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Accommodate people
New uses drawn in Existing uses adapt
Auto-centric corridor
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Take this
with you.
- Virginia DOT Transportation & Land Use Publications
“fundamental modes”
“enhance quality”
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Take this
with you.
“…will accommodate bicyclists and pedestrians…in the
of Virginia’s transportation network”
planning, funding,
design, construction,
operation, and maintenance
- Virginia DOT
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Take this
with you.
“…[roundabout] should be considered the Department’s
preferred alternative…”
- Virginia DOT Design Manual
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Context.
Transects.
Modal priorities.
Human-scale design.
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1
2
3
Interpretation (classification) of streets is critical.
Traditional streets promoted activity.
Modernist streets discriminate against people.
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be disruptive
Monday morning to-do list
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The
design
hierarchy
of
freedom.
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Picture the future you want.
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We have history as a teacher,
consensus with engineering community,
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Peter Norton historian, professor, author University of Virginia
http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/fighting-traffic
Andy Boenau, AICP
plangineer, raconteur Timmons Group
http://www.urbanismspeakeasy.com
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Functional Classification So important that no one
wants to talk about it
Friday, July 26, 2013