Download - Funny Blood Tests
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Hyponatraemia
a. Addison’s diseaseb. Compulsive water drinkingc. Treatment with diureticsd. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis
A 54-year-old male smoker complaining of weight loss and haemoptysis, who is found to have a plasma sodium concentration of 114 mmol/L.
What is most likely diagnosis?
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Answer
d. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis
How do you prove ?
Paired serum / urine for:SodiumOsmolality
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Hypo – ‘rhubarb’
• Serum rhubarb• Serum renal function and electrolytes• Urine creatinine, sodium and rhubarb• Urine and plasma osmolality• ALL SHOULD BE PAIRED
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49yr old female - Low sodium - ? SIADH
Sodium = 125 mmol/L Potassium = 4.9 mmol/L
Urea = 7.2 mmol/L Creatinine = 67 mmol/L
Glucose = 3.5 mmol/L Osmo = 263 mosmol/Kg
LFT = NAD TFT = NAD
Urine sodium = 82 mmol/L Urine osmo = 467 mosmol/Kg
Is this SIADH ?
What else do you need to know ?
What other tests are required ?
Cortisol = < 25 nmol/l
Why is the potassium normal ?
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• What is the single most important clinical assessment to make in a patient with hyponatraemia ?
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A middle-aged woman with a long history of rheumatoid disease complains of fainting episodes.
Plasma sodium concentration is 128 mmol/L.
The sodium concentration of a random urine sample is 80 mmol/L.
Postural hypotension is demonstrable.
What diagnoses are compatible with these findings?
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Answer
Adrenal failureAnalgesic nephropathyOver treatment with diuretics
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LEARNING POINT:
You must know the volume status of your patient.
CAUSES OF HYPONATRAEMIA:– Depletion of sodium – eg Adrenocortical insufficiency– Water excess – eg SIADH, iatrogenic (excess administration
of hypotonic fluids such as 5% dextrose– Combined water and sodium excess – eg CCF.
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KEY INVESTIGATION OFTEN OVERLOOKED
• Urine electrolytes
• Assess urine at same time as plasma, and when plasma abnormalities still present.
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• If in ‘reasonable’ steady state, then 24 hour collections may be required.
• If serum ‘analyte’ sufficiently abnormal then comparison to random urine may be possible (is urine chemistry appropriate to plasma chemistry). Will need to look for patterns (eg high / low Na and K)
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SODIUM• In hyponatraemia, the kidney should conserve sodium to
less than 20 mmol/L
• Urine concentration can be influenced by water reabsorption – thus use FeNA
• Distinguish inappropriate renal loss (typically ATN) from volume depletion
• Dividing line often stated as 1% (much higher in neonates) but can vary in states effecting amount of sodium filtered.
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URINE CHEMISTRY• Parameter
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Osmolality
pH
• Uses• Assessment of volume status• Diagnosis of hypoNa and ARF• Evaluation of calcium and urate
excretion in stone formers
• Diagnosis of metabolic alkalosis• Urine anion gap
• Diagnosis of hypokaleamia, ratio to sodium in neonatal supplementation
• HypoNa, hyperNa, ARF, DI, concentrating ability
• Diagnosis of RTA• Volume status
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• HYPOKALEAMIA:
What clinical observation is most important to drive investigations ?
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A 40yr old patient has a plasma potassium concentration of 2.8 mmol/L; plasma bicarbonate is 34 mmol/L.
What clinical observation is required to help drive investigations ?
BLOOD PRESSURE – this patient is hypertensive
What are the possible diagnoses/ explanations which explain all these findings?
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Answer
Conn’sRenal artery stenosis bp with thiazides
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Mrs D B age 35Aug 02 Referred by GP for management of
hypercholesterolaemia
Chol = 9.8 mmol/lTG = 1.2 mmol/l
FH Father uco DBF for FHC2 brothers – normal cholesterolGrandfather – DM
PMH Nil
DH Simvastatin 10mg nocteLoguynon[Atorvastatin caused muscle pain]
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SH marriednon smoker, no alcoholno childrensells travel insurance
SQ diet poorasymptomatic
O/E BMI 25.2FitEuthyroidBp = 100/70P = 68srHS I + II + O
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Investigations Cholesterol 6.5 mmol/lLFTs normalCr = 61 mol/lNa = 138 mmol/lK = 2.7 mmol/l
Repeat @ GP
22.8.02 Cr = 56 mol/lNa = 134 mmol/lK = 2.5 mmol/l
? cause of Hypokalaemia
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Hypokalaemia
• Renal• Extrarenal
Redistribution
Inadequate intake
Excessive loss
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Mx 1. GP question re:diuretic abuse, liquorice
2. Simvastatin 20 mg3. Effervescent K+ 4 tabs/day
18.9.02 Cr = 65 mol/lNa = 136 mmol/lK = 2.6 mmol/l
Mx Eff K+ - 6 tabs/day
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Seen in Oct 2002
Well, asymptomaticbp = 110/70
DH Simvastatin 20mgLoguynonEff K+ 6/day
Investigations Cr = 47 mol/lNa = 135 mmol/lK = 3.1 mmol/l
? further investigations
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24 hour urine K+ = 155.2 [40-120 mmol]Na+ = 249 [100-250 mmol]
Serum Cr = 53 mol/lNa = 135 mmol/lK = 3.0cCa = 2.49Magnesium = 0.54 [0.8-1.00]Bicarbonate = 31
Hypomagnasaemic hypokalaemia alkalosis
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24 hour urine calcium = 1.35 [2.5-7.5 mmol]
chloride = 277 mmol
Urine calcium/creatinine = 0.08
? DDX
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Gitelman’s confirmedRx Magnesium glycerophosphate ii tds
Eff K 6/daySimvastatin 20 mg nocte
Seen 5.2.03WellAsymptomatic
U = 5.8 mmol/lNa = 136K = 3.2Mg = 0.56Chol = 7.0
Rx Add spironolactone 50 mg OD
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Further investigations
Cr Clearance = 152 ml/mn
Calcium creatinine ratio = 0.18
Urine osmolality = 708 mosm/kg
Urine magnesium = 6.32 mmol/l
Urine K+ = 140
Urine Ca = 2.15
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CLINICAL VIGNETTE - HYPERKALAEMIA
67 yr old female.
Seen by multiple GP’s within her practice over a 12 month period.
Seen by Consultant vascular surgeon for intermittent claudication – commenced clopidogrel.
Known diabetic with persistent hyperkalaemia (5.8 – 6.9 mmol/L).
Relatively poor diagnostic investigation of hyperkalaemia.
Normal creatinine. And renal function.
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Clinical Biochemist D/W GP.
Advise:
Repeat bloods (not in community)
Urine potassium.
Full blood count.
FBC showed gross primary polycythaemia:
Haemoglobin = 18.7 g/dL [11.5 - 16.5]
WBC = 13.4 x 109 / L [4 –11]
Platelets = 1195 x 109 / L [150 –450]
Packed Cell Volume = 57% [37 – 47]
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Biochemist liaises with Consultant Haematologist:
GP advised by Biochemist that:
FBC accounts for hyperkalaemia
Patient at high risk of thrombotic event
Haematologist advises start aspirin ASAP and will see urgently in OPD.
Patient seen 7 days later
‘Barn door’ primary polycythaemia
Immediate venesection 1/52 repeats
Immediate hydroxycarbamide
US abdomen to assess spleen and assess palpable pulsatile mass ? aneurysm
GP’s frequently see spurious hyperkalaemia
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What should I do about high serum potassium?
Identify patients at risk of having true rather than spurious hyperkalaemia or at risk from its effects:
•Those with known chronic kidney disease (CKD)
•Patients on potassium-raising drugs, notably, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and, potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium salts
(including LO salt®) or laxatives (Movicol, Kleenprep Fybogel)
•Patients with obstructive uropathy
•Patients with clinical features such as myopathy, paralysis, arrhythmias, bradycardia
•Those at greater risk from severe hyperkalaemia: elderly (> 70 years), serum urea (> 8.9 mmol/L)
•Patients with acute illness (e.g. acute renal failure, ketoacidosis)
•Consider spurious hyperkalaemia in the absence of all the above.
http://www.bettertesting.org.uk/?id=-1379
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POTASSIUM• Appropriate response to hypokalaemia is to
conserve to less than 10mmol/L
• <10 confirms extra-renal losses
• > 25 confirms some degree of renal wasting
• TTKG – should be < 5 in hypoK and > 9 in hyperK
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19yr old female.
Polydipsia + polyuria. Drinks approx 5 – 7 litres per day.
Investigations:
U+E = NAD TFT = NAD
Calcium = NAD
Glucose = NAD
? DI
What is best screen for GP to perform:
Early morning urine osmolality.
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OSMOLALITY
• Hypoosmolar hyponatraemia should abolish AVP release (ie maximally dilute urine < 100 mosmol/Kg)
• Hypernatraemia Uosmol should be > 600 mosmol/Kg. If less than plasma omso then primary renal water loss
• Urine osmo > 750 makes DI unlikely
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• Urine osmolality– In children old enough to stay dry overnight
(with low index of clinical suspicion), consider early morning (first urine passed) osmo – value above 750 mosmol/Kg excludes DI. Do not attempt if urine volumes > 30 ml/Kg body weight, or high index of suspicion to avoid hypertonic states.
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56yr male
PC: Moderate increase in sweating; ? Some weight loss.
Routine TFT:
fT4 = 6 pmol/L [12 – 25]
TSH 1.23 mU/L [0.35 – 5.5]
Sick euthyroid
Poor compliance
T3 therapy
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• Further investigations:
• Sodium = 128 nmol/l Other U&E NAD• Cortisol (08:30 am) = 208 nmol/l
Prolactin 167 mU/l• Testosterone = 2.9 nmol/L LH =
1.9 U/l, FSH = 2.8 U/l
Dx: Infarcted pituitary adenoma.
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• 60 year old female, generally unwell, abdominal pain.
• U+E = NAD• LFT = NAD• Calcium = 2.9 mmol/L
• PTH = 5.9 pmol/L [1.5 – 7.7]
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CHOL = 8.4 mmol/LHDL = 2.2 mmol/LTG = 0.9 mmol/L
What tests would you request next:a. Fasting glucoseb. 9 am Cortisolc. Bone profiled. FT4 TSH
e. LFTs
51-year-old female on routine vascular risk programme was found to have following blood test results
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Answer
d. TFTse. LFTs
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Case (cont)FT4 TSH normalALB = 38 gl/LAST = 40 u/LALP = 280 iu/L [<120]Bil = 28 µmol/L? What test/s nexta. 24 hour urine proteinb. Immunoglobulinsc. Auto antibodiesd. FBC
(p.133)
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Answer
b. Immunogloblins ( 1 gM)c. Auto antibodies (antimitochondrial dbs)
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2A 18-year-old man is noticed by a friend to be jaundiced immediately following a mild ‘flu-like’ illness. He has otherwise been well. His serum biochemical results are: bilirubin 80 µmol/L, aspartate aminotransferase 42 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 82 IU/L, albumin 44 g/L. His urine tests negative for bilirubin.
What is the most likely Dx?
(p.133)
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Answer
GilbertsHaemolysisUnconjugated bilirubin
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17 yr girl – known anorexia. Recently commenced monitored re-feeding regime.
Sodium = 138 mmol/L Potassium = 4.1 mmol/L
Urea = 3.3 mmol/L Creatinine = 48 umol/L
Albumin = 37 g/L Bili = 11 umol/L
ALP = 83 IU/L ALT = 534 IU/L
? Cause of raised ALT
? What other tests required
? Follow-up
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4
A fit, elderly man has biochemical tests performed as part of a ‘well-man’ screen. The only abnormality is a serum alkaline phosphatase activity of 200 iu/L.
What are the possible causes?
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Answer
OstoemalaciaPagetsTumour metastases to liver
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12 month infant
Admitted D+V
Bilirubin = 10 umol/L
Albumin = 40 g/L
Protein = 64 g/L
ALT = 27 IU/L
ALP = 2879 IU/L
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a. Aspartate transaminase activity 60 IU/Lb. -Glutamyl transpeptidase acitivity 120 IU/Lc. Total cholesterol 9.6 mmol/Ld. Triglycerides (fasting) 4.2 mmol/Le. Urate concentration 0.48 mmol/L
A 40-year-old journalist with a history of excessive alcohol ingestion undergoes an ‘executive health screen’. Which of the following biochemical results from analysis of serum suggest the presence of an additional problem?
(p.134)
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Answer
c. Cholesterol 9.6 mmol/L
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a. Chronic osteomyelitisb. Multiple myelomac. Osteoarthritisd. Paget’s disease of bonee. Renal osteodystrophy
An elderly woman complains of back pain: serum total protein concentration 85 g/L; albumin, 30 g/L. The presence of the following condition could explain these abnormalities
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Answer
a. Osteomyelitisb. Myeloma
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The following results are found in an adult patient presenting with weight loss, diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort: serum calcium concentration 1.95 mmol/L, phosphate 0.6 mmol/L, albumin 32 g/L, alkaline phosphatase 230 iu/L.
What further biochemical investigations would you request?
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Answer
25-0H vitamin D PTHCaMalabsorption of fat
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• 14 yr old female, hirsute, lack of secondary sexual characteristics, primary amenorrhoea
• Testosterone = 2.7 nmol/L• LH = <0.5; FSH = 3.6, oestradiol undetectable• TFT = NAD• 5pm cortisol = 944 nmol/L
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a. Hypothyroidismb. Non prolactin-secreting pituitary tumoursc. Normal pregnancyd. Sheehan’s syndromee. Amisulpiride therapy
Hyperprolactinaemia is recognised to occur in patients with
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Answer
a. Hypothyroidb. Non prolactin-secreting pituitary
tumoursc. Normal pregnancye. Amisulpiride
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Miss EV age 19 yearsreferred by GP with secondary amenorrhea
PMH Seen in 2001 with 2° amenorrhea by GynaecologistInvestigations LH, FSH, PRL, etc all normal
DH COCFH HypertensionSH Lives with parents
Care AssistantNo boy friend
SQ K = 12 Para = 0+0 II = 28 until May 2001 GP started her on COC Headaches on and off for 2 years
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O/E BMI 28
Euthyroid
No hirsuitism
No galactorrhea
bp = 110/70
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Question 1
What would you do next?
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Answer
Progress 1. Diet2. Stop COC3. Hormone profile
Results FT4 = 18 pmol/L [12 – 23]TSH = 1.6 mU/L [0.6 – 4.8]LH = 1.1 U/LFSH = 2.7 U/LPRL = 9,823 U/L [70 - 566]Preg test = negative
Stop COC, baseline LH, FSH, TFTs and PRL
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Question 2
What would you do next?
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Answer
Repeat PRL >11,000 U/LAll Monomeric PRL
MRI scan“very large pituitary tumour with 2cm suprasellar extension elevating the optic chiasm”
Repeat ProlactinScreen for Macroprolactin
Progress
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Mr DW dob 20/8/41LVFA fibrillation
PMH CABG 1989Angioplasty 2004MI – 1998HypertensionHypercholesterolaemiaType 2 DM
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DH FrusemideClopidogrelNicorandilAmiodaroneSimvastatinEzetimibeWarfarinRamiprilBisoprolol
Allergies None
SH Ex smokerOccasional alcoholLives with wife
FH none
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O/E p = 130 AF
bp = 143/76
chest basal crackles
JVP 5 cm
No ankle oedema
HS I and II and 0
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U = 10.7 mmol/l [2.5 – 6.5]
Cr = 124 mmol/l [60 – 120]
Na = 131 mmol/l
K = 3.6 mmol/l
FT4 = 100.2 pmol/l [12 – 23]
TSH = <0.06 mu/ml [0.35 – 5.5]
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Question
In addition to treating his AF and LVF, how do you think the patient’s deranged thyroid function should be treated?
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Answer
Stop AmiodaronePTU
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14
a. Repeat in 3 monthsb. Measure serum anti-TPo absc. Treat with levothyroxined. Measure 9 am Cortisol
25-year-old female with menorrhagia
FT4 = 11.5 pmol/L [10 – 20]
TSH = 8.3 mu/L [0.4 – 4.5]
What do you do next?
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Answer
a. Repeat in 3 monthsb. Anti TPO abs
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• 58 year old male with strong FHx of CHD. Non-smoker with BMI = 26.5.– Fasting glu = 4.6 mmol/L– Chol = 8.4 mmol/L– HDL = 1.1 mmol/L– Trig = 2.1 mmol/L
• GP initiates simvastatin.• 3/52 – complaining of malaise• CK = 850 U/L [<170]
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• What test(s) are required to investigate the raised CK ?
• a). CK isoenzymes• b). FBC• c). TFT’s• d). HbA1c• e). U+E
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• a). TFT
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• Which one of the following findings in a patient with primary hypothyroidism could not be explained by this condition ?
• a). Hyponatraemia• b). Increased mean red cell volume• c). Plasma cholesterol of 7.2 mmol/L• d). Plasma ALP 2x the ULN• e). Plasma CK 2x the ULN
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• d). Plasma ALP 2x the ULN
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• Elderly female with weight loss and abdo pain radiating to the back.– Bilirubin = 225 µmol/L– Albumin = 36 g/L– Protein = 68 g/L– AST = 42 U/L– ALP = 455 U/L– Gamma-GT = 72 U/l– Urine positive for bilirubin
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• What is the provisional diagnosis ?• a). Hepatic mets form ca colon• b). Primary biliary cirrhosis• c). Carcinoma of the head of pancreas• d). Autoimmune chronic hepatitis• e). Sclerosing cholangitis
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• c). Carcinoma of the head of pancreas
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Male infant.
Born at term. At approx 45 mins age noted to have no cardiac output. Resuscitated, RIP few days later.
Troponin = 2.9 ng/ml
Interpret ?
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83 year old female admitted with confusion and mobility
Dx chest infection and congestive cardiac failure
InvestigationsU = 25.2 mmol/l (2.5 – 6.5)
Creatinine 122 mmol/lCalcium 3.2 mmol/l (2.2 – 2.6)US abdo - grossly distended
bladder – chronic retentionCT headPTH = 8.3 pmol/l
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Progress RehydratedLong term catheterBiphosphate for Ca
BUT
CA 125 = 8017 U/ml (<20)
Progress CT pelvis ?thickening of anal – rectal junctionGynae outpatient review and other investigationsCA 125 normal within 38 days
Elevated CA 125 seen in Heart failureAscitesHypothyroidismAdvanced ovarian cancer
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The cost• CA 125 estimation
= £8.55• Extra 10 days IP• CT pelvis• Repeat USS pelvis• Repeat CA125 x2• Sigmoidoscopy x2• Rectal biopsy• Gynae OPD
Cost at tariff = £5,000
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Antenatal testing
Allergy
Anaemia
Anticoagulant monitoring
Arthritis, inflammatory
Blood count abnormalities
Cancer testing
Cholesterol and lipids
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE)
Diabetes
Drug safety monitoring
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Infections
Infections – viral
Laboratory investigations of chronic diarrhoea
Liver function tests
Myeloma, electrophoresis, immunoglobins
Myocardial infarction
Peptic ulcer/ Helicobacter
Renal/Electrolytes
Sex hormones
Thyroid testing
Topics
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Causes of redistribution hypokalaemia
In vitro redistributionUptake by white blood cells (eg in leukaemia)Uptake by erthrocytes following in vitro insulin
administrationIn vivo redistribution
AlkalosisIncreased plasma bicarbonateInsulin administrationb-Adrenergic agonistsToxic chemicals (toluene, soluble barium salts)Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis
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Extrarenal lossInadequate intakeFasting
anorexiaduring rapid cell synthesis
Increased lossExcessive sweatingGastrointestinal
fistuladiarrhoeacation exchangegeophagia
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Fruit Juice
Tomato
Orange
Grapefruit
Apple
Farmhouse cider
Potassium mmol/100 ml
8.2
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.2
Normal adult intake 40-120 mmol/day
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Renal causes of potassium depletion
• Acidosis• Alkalosis + Normotension• Alkalosis + Hypertension
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• 6 week old female. Choking episodes, ? Seizure, FHx of endocrine disease.
• Adjusted calcium = 2.94 mmol/L• Phosphate = 1.88 mmol/L• U+E, LFT, Mg = NAD• PTH = 5.7 pmol/L
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• Random urine calcium = <0.5 mmol/L• Random urine creatinine = 1.4 mmol/L• Random urine phosphate = 5.9 mmol/L
• TFT = NAD• Vit D = 45 nmol/L
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38yr female
Referred to lipid clinic for FH.
Coincidentally noted to have serum potassium of 2.5 mmol/L (confirmed on repeat).
24hr urine K = 155 mmol/L, sodium = 249 mmol/L
? Provisional interpretation
? Follow –up tests
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? Follow –up tests
Bicarb (32) or ABG
Magnesium – 0.54 mmol/L
TTKG (11) / FeNa
Urine chloride (277 mmol/L) – WHY USE THIS ?
Urine calcium creatinine ratio = 0.08
Urine magnesium = 6.9 mmol/L
? CK
Renin (9.8) / aldosterone / cortisol (? Dynamic test)
Note specific requirements of PRA for drug
Hx and K level.
If suspicious store sample for diuretic screen.
WHAT IS DIAGNOSIS
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• Baby A.• Previous NEC treated surgically• Persistent metabolic acidosis - ? RTA, ? Stoma losses
underestimated (bag leaking) / underreplaced. Clinically no concerns re volume status.
PLASMASodium = 144
Potassium = 5.2
Urea = 3.5
Creatinine 19
Phosphate = 1.54
URINESodium = < 10
Potassium = 111
Osmolality = 776
pH = 5.0
Phosphate = 106
PTH = 94
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• 24yr old female• Presented for asthma check. But
reported generalised headache and ‘off colour’ 2-3/7.
• PMH:– Depression 2-3 years previous, now
resolved and much better, some some ‘stress’ over financial debt
– TOP 3-4 years previous.
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U+E from GP shows potassium of 1.9mmol/L
Lab add phosphate, Mg and Ca2+ - all normal
Patient referred to AAU for O/C medical team
Lab D/W O/C medical SpR – advises admission urine for electrolytes and store for laxative / diuretic screening
Medical review:
No reported diarrhoaea, vomiting or other GI symptoms. No dysuria or polyuria
Patient currently fasting for Ramadan, but normally eats poorly – usually skips breakfast and often lunch also. Denies laxative or diuretic abuse.
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BP 93/65 PR 78 and RR 22 and sats 99%
No organomegaly
Well perfused with no oedema
Hint of u wave in II, V3 – V5
Weight 42 Kg
Venous gas confirms potassium of 1.9mmol/L with significant alkalosis (pH 7.53, bicarb 44 mmol/L, BE +19.2)
No documented assessment of nutritional status and risk
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Imp:
? Laxative abuse, ? Vomiting after feeds, ? anorexia
Rx:
1L saline + 40 mmol potassium (x 2)
Ward round:
Imp as above, but no obvious evidence of anorexia noted
Despite no evidence of cortisol excess, only investigation for hypokalemia was 9am cortisol and 24hr UFC. Only urine studies were from lab adding onto UFC sample.
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Urine electrolytes results (K+ = <10mmol/L) noted in record but not interpreted and significance not documented.
9am cortisol result interpreted incorrectly
Following admission, significant hypophosphataemia (0.35 mmol/L) occurred, but no intervention, no discussion in record and no repeat testing.
Patient discharged as soon as potassium >3mmol/L.