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Future skills needs: Innovation in
agri-food and forestry-wood chains 20 November 2006
Prof. dr. Martin Mulder
Head chair group of Education and Competence Studies
Wageningen University
Social Sciences Group – bode 68
PO Box 8130
NL-6700 EW Wageningen
Tel: + 31 317 484181; Fax: + 31 317 484573
Mobile: + 31 6 20 677 340; Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.ecs.wur.nl and www.mmulder.nl
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Portugal: compensation for destroyed vineyards
Spain: dissatisfaction about reform in vegetables and fruits
United Kingdom: future of food retail on the internet
Belgium: policy actions for young farmers
France: additional support for poultry breeders
Ireland: agreement rural development plan
Denmark: animal transports
Belgium: biggest methionine-unit started up in Antwerp
Source: LBActualiteiten, 16, November 9, issue 34. Weekly information of the foreign LNV-Representation of NL
Headlines in Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
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Common Agricultural Policy EU
‘The Common Agricultural Policy has been the biggest, the most contentious and the one withthe largest budget of all the Union's policy areas. The EU has more power in agricultural policy than it has in any other policy area and it has passed more legislation on agriculture than in any other single policy area.’
Source: http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/104000.htm (30-11-2004)
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Responsible Ministries Agr Ed EU (excl. differences between Secondary Agricultural Education and Higher Agricultural Education)
BulgariaFrance GreeceHungaryNetherlands(Turkey)
CyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandItalyLatviaLuxemburgMaltaPolandSloveniaSpainRomaniaUnited Kingdom
Austria Belgium Germany Ireland Lithuania Portugal Slovakia Sweden
Agriculture Agric + Education Education (+ others)
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Key figures about agriculture in EU
69.000.000.000 US$ imports into EU agri-food
51.000.000.000 US$ exports from EU agri-food
14.500.000 people working in EU in agricultural holdings
7.300.000 agricultural holdings (average size of 17.5 hectares)
4.000.000 "less favoured“ agricultural holdings (> half the EU agri area)
30.000 EU cooperatives (employing over 700.000 people)
Source - http://www.copa-cogeca.be/en/copa_objectifs.asp (retrieval date: 30-11-2004)
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Key figures Food sector in EU
Over 26,000 companies
Employment: 2.8 million
3rd industrial employer in the EU
Annual turnover of 600 billion Euros
Source: http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/food/intro.htm (30-11.2004)
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Major companies in the food sector in the EU
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But there are also many SMEs
Grocer Butcher
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Labour market in the food sector in the EU
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Volume of Production in the food sector in the EU
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Number of companies and employees in the EU15 by state
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Employment in forestry in some countries
http://www.mcpfe.org/publications/pdf/eforests_in_the_spotlight.pdf; 16-06-2005
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Association of forest owners
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Association of forest owners www.cepf-eu.org
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European Confederation of woodworking Industries – CEI-Bois http://www.cei-bois.org
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Production in the woodworking industry in Million € http://www.cei-bois.org/; 16-06-2005
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Production 2002 - Relative importance of the subsectorshttp://www.cei-bois.org/; 16-06-2005
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Production value per EU member state in Million € 1998-2002http://www.cei-bois.org/; 16-06-2005
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Production value in new member states in Million € 2001-2002http://www.cei-bois.org/; 16-06-2005
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Relative weight in production by member state EU15http://www.cei-bois.org/; 16-06-2005
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Relative weight in production by new EU member statehttp://www.cei-bois.org/; 16-06-2005
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Times they are changing (Bob Dylan)
Mount Olympus and Agia Triada: a Change in World View
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All sorts of change
The bakery
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Scale enlargement
The grocery
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Internationalization
The cabinet maker
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Dairy farming
The dairy farmer
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Technology
Roll-Royce 1905
Yuri Gagarin, 1961First manned space flight
Hubble telescope being repaired, 1990
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Balances in power
Berlin 1989 Berlin, 1961
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Risks - uncertainty
Dr Ian Wilmut (Edinburgh) with cloned ewe Dolly, 1997HIV-positive protesters
Durban Int’l Aids Conference2001
9:04 am, 11-09-2001George Bush is being informed that a second plane has crashed into the WTC
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Learning in the green sector is red hot
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World population
20046 billion people
2020 8 billion people (estimated
)
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Pressure
Secure food production Food safetyEnvironment Competingclaims
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Scandals and conflicts
Abuses in cattle markets in the Netherlan
dsFoundati
on of Animal Rights
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Competent human resources needed …Basic education for allVocational qualificationsProfessional educationAcademic educationLearning in the workplace
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… who can cope with the enourmous challenges
QualityCheap foodNew delivery methodsNovel foodDashboard dining (15% in the US!)DietsLifestyleHealth and nutritionSafety concernsEthical concernsMigration and ethnic
food
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… in the reality of social games
The number of players is growingStakes and prizes are getting higherTransformation of roles of playersMore rules which permanently changeAmbiguous informationMore interactionsMore conflicts of interestThe necessity to play different games simultaneouslyCheating and manipulationsAbsence of a neutral umpire Source: I. Mayer & W. Veeneman
(Eds) (2002). Games in a world of infrastructures. Delft: Eburon.
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… and with complexity in innovation
Product improvement
Process improvement
Systems innovation
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Innovation in the agri-sector: 5 fields
Animal sciencesPlant sciencesFood-nutrition-technology sciencesEnvironmental sciencesSocial sciences
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Animal sciences
FisheriesLeisure and tourismHigh-tech professionalismSustainability issues
AquacultureMore added value compared withcropsEmpty seasEndless demand
PetsHorses
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Plant Sciences
GMOsMedical plantsNew species
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Food-nutrition-technology
Bio-nanotechnologyFood safetyFood securityHealthLifestyle
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Environmental sciences
Environmental technology: biological processing of
bio-waste by extremophile bacteriesAnaerobic waste water cleaningH. Lettinga: waste biogass processing factoriesRemote sensing and geo-information systemsClimate change simulations and extrapolations
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Social Sciences
Beta-gamma integration: hard and social sciences
Multiple stake-holder processes: agencyParticipatory policy development: empowermentCompany styles: diversityFood law: worldwide right for foodChains and networks: offensive coalitionsEthics: integrity
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Innovation & TrendsEconomic restructuringBackward chain integrationNetworks – NetchainsScale enlargementEntrepreneurshipCost reductionQualityStandardisationBionanotechnologyGenomicsICTTracking & TracingPrecision automation
SustainabilityBio-based economyOrganic productionLifestyle - healthGlocalisationMultifunctional landuseKnowledge circulation – cooperative knowledge
production… ???… ???… ???
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Flower farms
ResearchEducation & Training
Knowledge exchange between research and farmers
Knowledge exchange between research
education and training
Learning-on-the job
Knowledge construction in action
Knowledge circulation and co-creation
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Percents of workers in agriculture and fisheries in the EU by educational level (ISCED 0-2 and ISCED 3-4) by state (2002)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Por
tuga
l
Spa
in
Gre
ece
Italy
Cyp
rus
Irel
and
EU
15
Slo
veni
a
Net
herla
nds
Bel
gium
Luxe
mbo
urg
Hun
gary
Fra
nce
Aus
tria
Pol
and
Sw
eden
Fin
land
Lith
uani
a
Latv
ia
Den
mar
k
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Ger
man
y
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Est
onia
Low
Middle
Source: Eurostat Labour Force Survey
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Numbers of workers in agriculture and fisheries in the EU (x1000) by member state and educational level (2nd quarter 2002)
EU 15 5118 3111 1691 316Poland 2530 1025 1468 37France 984 418 503 63Germany 702 153 436 113Italy 653 537 107 9Spain 625 533 66 26Greece 616 532 78 6Portugal 570 570United Kingdom 267 74 152 41Lithuania 227 70 110 47Austria 199 79 107 13Finland 129 46 69 14Netherlands 108 64 44Sweden 102 38 56 8Czech Republic 92 18 71 3Belgium 75 36 31 8Latvia 68 24 44Denmark 54 19 35Slovak Republic 27 8 19Estonia 12 12Cyprus 10 7 3Luxembourg 4 2 2
Total 0-2 3-4 5-6 EducationalLevel:
ISCED0-2=lower3-4=middle5-6=higher
Not included:IE, HU, SI, MT(as of partial or absent data)
Source: EurostatLabour Force Survey
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Proportion of graduates of agricultural education of the total number of graduates of vocational education in the EU (ISCED level 3) (2001)
0.0%
1.7%2.1%
2.7%3.1%
3.3% 3.3% 3.4% 3.5% 3.6% 3.8%
4.2%
4.7% 4.9% 5.1% 5.1% 5.2% 5.2% 5.4% 5.5% 5.6%6.1%
6.3% 6.3%
7.3%
8.6%
10.7%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%C
ypru
s
Bel
gium
Ger
man
y
Icel
and
EU
15
Ital
y
Est
onia
Spai
n
Nor
way
Cze
ch R
epublic
EU
25
Lithuan
ia
Slo
venia
Net
her
lands
Hunga
ry
Lat
via
Den
mar
k
New
MS
Sw
eden
Aust
ria
Pol
and
Slo
vakia
Bulg
aria
Fin
land
Mac
edon
ia/F
yrom
Alb
ania
Rom
ania
Series1
Source: Eurostat
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Number of graduates of agricultural education in the EU and new member states (ISCED level 3) (2001)
82768
45652
37116
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
EU 25 EU15 New MS
Number of Grads
Source: Eurostat
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Multiple stakeholders in the future skill needs dialogue Different perspectives
Primary sector Industry and services Sectoral dialogue partners Public administration at various levels Researchers Educational institutions VET experts in support organisations
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Sectors Complex stratification/classification (NACE)
Specialisation: specific skill needs Common innovations and trends
Comparable challenges Transversal skill needs
Variation in occupations Generic skills needs
Sectoral skill needs Pitfall: tunnel view on skills needs Cross-sectoral skills needed for agility of workers