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Games,
Genes,
and PoliticsJames H. Fowler
UC San Diego
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Ideology
and Utopia
• Total Social Context and the
„Sociology of Knowledge‟
- “there is a correspondence
between a given social
situation and a given
perspective [or] point of view….”
(Mannheim 1936, 51)
• Highly Influential in Literature on Ideology- Huntington 1957; Bell 1959; Rapoport 1974; North 1978;
Lipset 1983; Jackman and Muha 1984; Haas 1992
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Big Picture
BehaviorsParticipation
Partisanship
IdeologyE
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Big Picture
GenesDopamine
Serotonin
Tendencies Prosociality
Anxiety
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Big Picture
GenesDopamine
Serotonin
BehaviorsParticipation
Partisanship
Ideology
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Big Picture
BehaviorsParticipation
Partisanship
Ideology
Tendencies Prosociality
Anxiety
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Indirect
Big Picture
GenesDopamine
Serotonin
BehaviorsParticipation
Partisanship
Ideology
Tendencies Prosociality
Anxiety
Direct
Indirect
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Big Picture
GenesDopamine
Serotonin
BehaviorsParticipation
Partisanship
Ideology
Tendencies Prosociality
Anxiety
E
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Tim Johnson, Christopher T. Dawes, James H.
Fowler, Richard McElreath, Oleg Smirnov
The Role of Egalitarian
Motives in Altruistic
Punishment
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The Behavioral Logic of Collective Action:
Partisans Cooperate and Punish More Than
Non-Partisans, PP R&ROleg Smirnov, Christopher T. Dawes, James H. Fowler, Tim Johnson, Richard
McElreath,
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When It‟s Not All About Me: Altruism,
Participation, & Political Context, JOP
R&RCindy D. Kam, Skyler J. Cranmer, James H.
Fowler
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ObservedTheoretical
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Twin Studies
• Compare the behavior of
- monozygotic (MZ) twins (identical)
• share 100% of their genes
- dizygotic (DZ) twins (fraternal)
• share 50% of their
genes on average
• Decompose variance
- A - genetic
- C - common environment
- E - unshared environment
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Criticism of Twin Studies• MZ and DZ environments
may not be comparable- MZ twins may be more strongly
affiliated than DZ twins
• However- Studies of twins reared apart
validated by other methodsBouchard 1998; Visscher et al 2006
- Differences between MZ and DZ twins persist even among twins whose zygosity has been miscategorized by their parentsXian et al. 2000; Kendler et al. 1993; Scarr and Carter-Saltzman 1979; Scarr 1968
- MZ twins are sometimes in more frequent contact, but this results from rather than causes greater similartyPosner et al 1996
- MZ twins living apart become more similar with age Bouchard and McGue 2003
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Los Angeles Voter Turnout
• Posterior mean
- A 53%
(10%,89%)
- C 35%
(2%,73%)
- E 12% (3%,
26%)
• Better model fit
when we drop
C
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Add Health Voter Turnout
• Posterior mean
- A 72%
(32%,93%)
- C 20%
(1%,57%)
- E 9% (5%, 15%)
• Better model fit
when we drop
C
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Add Health Political
Participation
• Posterior mean
- A 60%
(11%,91%)
- C 18%
(0%,54%)
- E 23% (4%,
59%)
• Better model fit
when we drop
C
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Two More Replications
• Minnesota Twin
Family Study
- 2764 young voters
- Validated turnout
- A = 47% (13%, 60%)
• Twins Days Festival
- 800 representative adults
- Self-reported turnout
- A ~ 40%
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Heritability of Partisan
AttachmentJaime Settle, Christopher T. Dawes, James H. Fowler
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• Humans Built for
Social Networks
- Social Brain
Hypothesis
- Many network
measures are
heritable
• Networks Influence
Political Behavior
- Voters
- Activists
- Politicians
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Partisanship, Voting, & the
Dopamine D2 Receptor GeneChristopher T. Dawes, James H. Fowler
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Friendships Moderate an Association
Between a Dopamine Gene Variant
and Political IdeologyJaime E. Settle, Christopher T. Dawes, Peter K. Hatemi, Nicholas A. Christakis, James H.
Fowler
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Red Brain, Blue BrainEvaluative Processes Differ in Democrats and
Republicans
Darren Schreiber, Alan N. Simmons, Christopher T. Dawes, Taru Flagan, James H. Fowler,
Martin P. Paulus
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Reinterpreting
Habitual / Stable Behavior • Turnout is habitual -- people typically either
always vote or always abstain• Fowler 2006b; Gerber, Green, and Shachar 2003; Green and
Shachar 2000; Miller and Shanks 1996; Plutzer 2004; Verba
and Nie 1972
- Previously interpreted as reinforcement learning
• Partisan attachments are stable• Converse 1969; Miller & Shanks 1996
- Previously interpreted as reinforced
behavior/loyalty
• Brader and Tucker 2001
• Genetic component = inherent variability
- Due in part to specific genes
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Reinterpreting
Parent-Child Correlations • Parental turnout strong predictor for turnout
in young adults• Plutzer 2002
• Partisan attachments strongly correlated
between parent and child• Campbell 1960, Niemi & Jennings 1991
• Previously interpreted as
transmission of norms
• Could be due instead to
transmission of genes
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Reinterpreting Ideology
• Total social contextinfluences ideology- But moderated by genetic variants!
• Genetic association suggests ideology may have a stable coreJost et al. 2003
- But subject to environmental interactions
• The world is not just E. It is G x E!
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Parting Thoughts
• Association studies require replication
- Study of schizophrenia yielded several dead-ends
- Nature and Science now require replication for
publication
• Increasingly difficult to argue against
heritability of political behavior
• Experimental work is needed to
understand the causal mechanisms that
link genes to political behavior
• Genes are the institutions of the human
body
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Acknowledgements
Come see us at http://jhfowler.ucsd.edu
Chris Dawes
Jaime
Settle Peter Hatemi
Nicholas
Christakis