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Gandhi and Indian Independence
Bob Kirk, presenter
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72 met at the first Indian National Congress, 1885 in Bombay
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1906: Founding of the Muslim League
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1909: Morley-Minto Reforms
• Some elected Indians were to sit on provincial councils
• An increased number of Indians would be appointed to the central council
• An Indian would be appointed to the viceroy’s council – his “cabinet”
These reforms were not intended to lead to independence. But they did!
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Earl of Minto, Governor General of India & Sir John Morley, Secretary of State for India
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A million Indians fought in World War I
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Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu told Commons in 1917 that government policy was to bring more Indians into responsible official positions
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Woodrow Wilson published his 14 Points in 1917
Wilson called for self-determination of peoples.Indians and other colonial peoples seized on his words as justification for becoming independent.
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Lenin called for world revolution, 1918
If the Russians could sweep away unwanted rulers, maybe Indians could too.
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12 to 13,000,000 died in India
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Gen. R.E.H. Dyer ordered troops to fire into a gathering in Amritsar
A Muslim mob in Amritsar had killed three Englishmen.
Troops fired into a crowd of at least 15,000.
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1919: British troops killed 379, wounded 1,500 in Amritsar, Punjab. Gandhi initiated non-cooperation.
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Mohandas K. Gandhi 1870-1948
After studying law in England and passing the bar, Gandhi went to South Africa to defend the Indian minority.
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In South Africa – after paying for a 1st-class ticket, he was ejected from the car for being colored
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Mohandas K. Gandhi
Gandhi wanted to free India from Britain after the Amritsar Massacre.In 1920 he decided to confront the British with a civil disobedience campaign.(He never held an office)
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Gandhi’s Satyagraha Campaign
• He asked Indian officials to resign• Indians asked not to pay taxes• Indians to burn British clothes and weave their
own• Disobey British order but do not fight back• Go to jail willingly if arrested• Remove children from government schools• The British didn’t know how best to respond
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Salt March 1931 – 240 miles to the sea
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Gandhi was jailed
For periods between 1920 and 1922, 1930 and 1934, 1942.He asked politely for the maximum sentence but was usually released early
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Gandhi wanted to return to traditional handicrafts & village government
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Gandhi in London:
Gandhi helped negotiate the India Act of 1935, which gave 11 provinces parliamentary government.
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“The King had enough clothes for both of us,” Gandhi reported.
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1935: Indians shared governance
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Viceroy’s House, Delhi, 1936
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Now it’s the home of India’s president
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Churchill spoke of:
“This nauseating and humiliating spectacle of this one-time Inner Temple lawyer, now turned seditious fakir, striding half-naked up the steps of the Viceroy’s Palace . . . to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King Emperor.”
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Jawaharlal Nehru, 1889-1964
A barrister trained in London. He became the principal leader of Congress. Nehru and Gandhi drew mass support for Indian independence.
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Mohammed Ali Jinnah, 1876-1948
Trained in London as a lawyer. He championed the rights of ¼ of India’s population.He led the Muslim League
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Japan took Burma in 1942 & menaced India. British lost prestige
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Congress and the Muslim League backed Britain in the war against Germany and JapanAs many as two million Indians volunteered
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Gandhi wanted Indians to stop cooperating with the British during the war . . . but
Hindus rampagedThrough 1500 government buildings, Wrecked 332 railway stations, andCut telegraph and phone wires.
Gandhi was arrested --again
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Bose flew to Tokyo & Berlin to getsupport for Indian independence
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Churchill
“I have not become his Majesty’s First Minister to preside over the liquidation of the British Empire.”
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Problems of Indian Independence
• Winston Churchill wanted to keep India• Muslim minority wanted a guarantee of power
or else their own nation• 565 princes of independent states wanted to
preserve their power• Nehru and Congress wanted one united India
under the rule of democracy (Hindu majority)
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Clement Atlee
The Socialists defeated Churchill in July 1945. Atlee was committed to independence for India and hoped India would remain in the Commonwealth.
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1946 Calcutta Massacre – Muslims and Hindus engaged in an orgy of slaughter
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1946: Fasting to end Bengal violence
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Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1900-1979
The last viceroy was given complete powers for the end of British rule.
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Louis & Edwina Mountbatten tried to charm Gandhi
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Nehru, Mountbatten, Ali Jinnah
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August 15, 1947: Free at last!
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Pakistan was created in 1947
Pakistan in the west speaks Urdu and Punjabi; in the east, Bengali.
The east was more populous.
All the two sections had in common was the Muslim religion.
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Gandhi tried to calm people to minimize bloodshed
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Sources of friction
Punjab, Bengal, and Kashmir were the hottest of the hot spots
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Bengalis are Hindus and Muslims
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A neutral British commissioner divided the Punjab as well as Bengal
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Hindus, Muslims & Sikhs fled their homes
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1947 EXODUS: 5.5m Hindus to India;5.8m Muslims to Pakistan
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Over a quarter million were killed when the Punjab was divided
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A Hindu maharajah with 80% Muslim majority joined India. Any problems there?
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The Nizam of Hyderabad held out
India had to conquer this large and valuable state
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India took Hyderabad and later Portuguese and French enclaves
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January 30, 1948: Gandhi’s Assassination
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This is a riveting tale of the violent last days of the Raj
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A few of many events
French colonies taken 1954; Goa in 19611961 – The Green Revolution begins1962 Brief Himalayan war with ChinaTension and fighting with Pakistan over KashmirIndia and Pakistan develop nuclear weapons1984 – Union Carbide disaster in Bhopal 2k deadIndira and Rajiv Gandhi assassinated2000 – a new millennium and one billion Indians
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Norman Borlaug – father of the Green Revolution
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India’s 7th largest industry
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Indira Gandhi and her son RajivShe was assassinated 1984, Rajiv in 1991
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High tech park in Bangalore
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Tech, math & science Ph.D.’s are a major export to the U.S.
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India is still a democracy!
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Thank you, thank you, Bob