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Fundamentos neurobiolgicos, cognitivos y
Evolutivos del lenguaje natural
Dr. Ricardo Garca V. 2006.
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EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS
Human-specific skill, althoughsome primates have been able tolearn some sign language viaextensive instruction(language?).
- Evolved 0.22 million years ago Speech capabilities (development
of vocal tract)
Brain adaptation for language:
- Structural asymmetries inthe brain, e.g., the planumtemporale
- Functional asymmetries inthe brain, e.g., language left-lateralized.
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Geschwind & Levitsky,1968
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AChE-RICH MAGNOPYRAMIDAL
NEURONS SIZE IN BROCAS AREA
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AChERN LEFT-RIGHT
ASYMETRY
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Pro A Tpt
Galaburda & Sanides, 1980
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LATERALIZATION OF
LANGUAGE
LEFT hemisphere
Analytic processing
Better ability to process
temporal aspects oflanguage
Sequences of units These aspects are very
important in languageprocessing, e.g.,
understanding of speech.Some disorders oflanguage may be due toproblems with timingability
Yet, some aspects oflanguage are typical forthe RIGHT hemisphere
Holistic processing Prosody: melody, tone ofvoice, stress
Emotional aspects ofspeech
Understanding ofhumour, metaphor, moral
Capable of understandingsimple speech
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THE MODERN VIEW OF
LANGUAGE IN THE BRAIN Brocas area and Wernickes area not homogenous pieces of tissue:
can be subdivided into functionally distinct parts.
Damage in Brocas or Wernickes area does not correspond strictly to
the aphasia syndromes the classical model predicts. Brocas area activated also in inputprocessing of language (not only
production), The left inferior frontal cortex (incl. Brocas area) mayplay a language executive role in coordinating phonological, syntacticand semantic processes in posterior areas.
Wernickes area is important in auditory processing but is not the only
location where language comprehension occurs (this involves severalregions).
There are important language-related areas outside the classical ones:e.g., middle and inferior sections of the temporal lobe, inferior parietalcortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum.
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Neural correlates of
- orthographic processing
- phonological processing
- morphological processing
- syntactic processing
- semantic processing
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Orthographic Processing:
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES
- Left ventral occipito-temporal areas, complex visual processing- Visual Word Form Area: left fusiform gyrus? (E.g. Cohen & Dehaene, 2004,
Neuroimage)
An early PET study
McCandliss,Cohen & Dehaene,
2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences
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Neural correlates of phonological processing
LESION STUDIES:
Conduction aphasia
-repetition disproportionately
severely impaired
- Main problems in the proper
choice and sequencing of
phonemes in speech output,
leading to numerous
phonological errors
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From Hickok & Poeppel (2000) Towards a functional
neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends in Cognitive
Sciences, 4, 131-138. http://www.ling.umd.edu/Poeppel/
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES
phonological processing
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Neural correlates of morphological processing
- Patients with predominantly temporallobe
lesions have more trouble producing
irregular (e.g., drive-drove) than regular
(talk-talked) verb forms.
- Patients with predominantlyfrontal/basal
ganglia lesions have more trouble producingregular than irregular verb forms.
Regular
Irregular
LESION STUDIES
- Inflectional and derivational morphology, and compounding can be
selectively impaired in aphasia
Ullman et al. (1997) A neural dissociation within language: evidence that the mental dictionary is part of
declarative memory, and that grammatical rules are processed by the procedural system. Journal of
Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 266-276.
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morphological processing
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING
STUDIES
Brain areas related to
1) memorizingand2) recognizing
inflected (e.g., auto+ssa) vs. uninflected
(e.g., aurinko) Finnish nouns:
Increased activation especially in Brocas
area and superior temporal area.
M. Laine, J. Rinne, B.J. Krause, M. Ters & H.
Sipil (1999),Neuroscience Letters, 271, 85-88.,
Lehtonen, Vorobyev, Hugdahl, Tuokkola & Laine,
in preparation
1)
2)
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Neural correlates of syntactic processing
LESION STUDIES
- at word level, patients with left frontal damagecan have more trouble with verbs than with
nouns, while patients with left temporal damage
can have more trouble with nouns than with verbs
- at sentence level, agrammatism /morphosyntactic difficulties inproduction has
been associated to damage in left frontal areas
(e.g., Brocas)
- at sentence level, morphosyntactic difficulties incomprehension have been associated with a
variety of left perisylvian lesions
verbsnouns
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syntactic processing
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING STUDIES
Processing syntactically complex vs. simple
sentences
A review by Kaan & Swaab, TICS, 6(8), 2002
- Brocas area activation for
many tasks involving syntactic
processing: e.g., processing of
complex vs. simple sentences
(see figure), and syntactic
violations
- However, many other areas
are relevant as well!
- No unique area for syntax,different parts of the network
are recruited for different
aspects of processing(The same seems to be true for
most other subcomponents oflanguage)
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Neural correlates of semantic processing
LESION STUDIES
- Wernicke patients can have problems with semantic tasks
- Some dementia patients exhibit a slowly progressive condition coined as
semantic dementia. It is associated with left temporal lobe damage.
- There can be category-specific naming disorders -> distinct areas for
different categories of concepts, e.g., for tools and animals.
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semantic processing
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING
STUDIESBrain regions activated during
various lexical-semantic processing
tasks include, but are not limited to
the following:- left inferior frontal lobe
- left inferior parietal
posterior superior temporal
- left fusiform/inferior temporo-
occipital regions
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NON HUMAN PRIMATE BRAIN
ABOITIZ, GARCIA, BRUNNETI, BOSMAN, 2006
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Rauschecker y Tian 2000