Download - Gender in Employment in Indonesia
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Gender in Employment in Indonesia*S. Happy Hardjo,
Director of Peoples Welfare Statistics
* presented in ADB-OECD Joint Workshop on Gender in Education, Employment, and Entrepreneurship in India,Indonesia, and the Peoples Republic of China,, 27-28 February 2012, ADB Manila
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy ofthe data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper donot imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.
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INDONESIAN PROFILE
Independence: August 17, 1945
Area: 2 millions km
Terrain: more than 17 500 islands
Population: 237.6 millions ( 2010 Census)
Annual population growth rate: 1.49 % (2000-2010)
GDP: $ 707 billion (2010), annual growth rate: 6.1(2010)
Inflation rate : 3.79 % (2011)
Currency : rupiah , 1 US $ = 9037 rupiah (Feb 15,2012)
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Main Characteristics of the Work Force Indonesia
(Indonesia Labor Force Survey, August 2011)
Male Female Total
Population aged 15 + (million) 85.71 86.05 171.76
Labor Force/Economically Active (million) 72.25 45.12 117.37
Employment/Working (million) 67.99 41.68 109.67
Unemployment (million) 4.26 3.44 7.70
Not in Labor Force/Not Economically Active (million) 13.46 40.93 54.39
Attending school (million) 6.62 6.49 13.11
House keeping (million) 1.64 31.25 32.89
Others (million) 5.20 3.19 8.39
Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 84.30 52.44 68.34
Unemployment Rate (%) 5.90 7.62 6.56
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male
Female
Total
36.58
34.68
35.9
1.96
0.32
1.3
12.43
14.61
13.3
9.04
0.46
5.8
16.78
28.77
21.3
7.02
0.73
4.6
2.81
1.73
2.4
13.07
18.61
15.2
Figure 1. Distribution of Population 15 Years of Age
and Over Who Worked During the Previous Week
by Main Industry and Sex, August 2011
Agriculture, Forestry, Hunting
and Fishery
Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing Industry
Electricity, Gas and Water
Construction
Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade,
Restaurant and HotelsTransportation, Storage and
Communication
Financing, Insurance
Community, Social and Personal
Services
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0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Male
Female
Total
18.33
16.68
18.8
21.66
11.85
19.1
4.41
1.73
3.3
35.86
32.13
32.6
5.45
4.25
4.8
6.96
2.18
4.8
7.33
31.19
16.6
Figure 2. Distribution of Population 15 Years of Age
and Over Who Worked During the Previous Week
by Main Employment Status and Sex, August 2011
Own Account Workers
Employer Assisted by Temporary
Worker/ Unpaid Worker
Employer Assisted by Permanent Worker
Employee
Casual Employee in Agriculture
Casual Employee not in Agriculture
Family Worker
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Trend Labor Force, Employment, andUnemployment by Sex, 2002-2011
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63.31 64.60 65.93 66.22 67.73 67.67 67.75 67.94 68.72 68.83 69.14 69.94 70.41 70.84 71.88 72.26 72.25
37.47 38.1538.05 39.58 38.13 38.61
38.64 40.1941.22 42.65 42.80 43.81
43.42 45.15 44.65 47.14 45.12
100.78 102.75 103.97 105.80105.86
106.28 106.39 108.13109.94 111.48 111.95 113.74
113.83 116.00 116.53119.40117.37
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
2002 2003 2004 2005
Feb
2005
Nop
2006
Feb
2006
Agst
2007
Feb
2007
Agst
2008
Feb
2008
Agst
2009
Feb
2009
Agst
2010
Feb
2010
Agst
2011
Feb
2011
Agst
Figure 3. Population of Age 15 Years and Over
Who Are Economically Active (Labor Force)
by Sex, 2002-2011
(million)
Male Female Total
Sex ratio of labor force had decreased gradually from 2002, 2007, and
2011 were 169, 166, and 160 men in a row for 100 women
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58.58 59.50 60.58 60.7461.44 61.8661.98 62.15 63.15 63.36 63.9064.54 65.1265.9767.46 67.62 67.99
33.06
33.31
33.14
34.21
32.52
33.31
33.48
35.43
36.78
38.69
38.65
39.95
39.75
41.44
40.75
43.66
41.68
91.6592.81
93.72 94.95 93.9695.18
95.4697.58 99.93
102.05102.55104.49 104.87107.41
108.21111.28
109.67
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
2002 2003 2004 2005Feb
2005Nop
2006Feb
2006Agst
2007Feb
2007Agst
2008Feb
2008Agst
2009Feb
2009Agst
2010Feb
2010Agst
2011Feb
2011Agst
Figure 4. Population 15 Years of Age and
Over Who are Working (Employment) bySex, 2002-2011
(million)
Male Female Total
Sex ratio of employment had decreased gradually from 2002, 2007, and
2011 agst were 177, 172, and 163 men in a row for 100 women
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10.6810.80
10.7111.18
12.0112.19
12.69 13.25 13.36 13.5213.70
13.7013.77 14.17
13.94 13,4612,9
37.27 37.8639.24 38.57
40.63 40.7941.73
40.97 40.82 40.57 41.00 40.8241.73 40.85 41.60
38.3640.93
47.95 48.6649.95
49.7552.63
52.98 54.4254.22 54.18
54.0954.69 54.52 55.49
55.02 55.54
51.2654.39
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
2002 2003 2004 2005
Feb
2005
Nop
2006
Feb
2006
Agst
2007
Feb
2007
Agst
2008
Feb
2008
Agst
2009
Feb
2009
Agst
2010
Feb
2010
Agst
2011
Feb
2011
Agst
Figure 5. Population of Age 15 Years and Over
Who Are Not Economically Active
by Sex, 2002-2011
(million)
Male Female Total
They were students, housekeepers, others (retire and disable persons).
Number of women was three times number of men in 10 years
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5.90 5.97 6.03
6.74 6.967.32 7.13
7.737.13 6.54 6.80
6.97 7.057.29
7.09 7.006.62
5.34 5.51 5.546.18
6.62 6.666.40
6.59 6.646.75
6.436.69
6.766.91 6.92 6.94
6.49
11.2411.48
11.58
12.92 13.5813.98
13.53
14.3213.78
13.28
13.23 13.67 13.8114.20 14.01 13.94
13.10
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
2002 2003 2004 2005
Feb
2005
Nop
2006
Feb
2006
Agst
2007
Feb
2007
Agst
2008
Feb
2008
Agst
2009
Feb
2009
Agst
2010
Feb
2010
Agst
2011
Feb
2011
Agst
Figure 6. Not Economically Active with
The Most School Activity by Sex, 2002-2011
(million)
Male Female Total
During period 2002 to 2007, it was slightly different gab of men
and women, since, 2008 to 2011, the gab become smaller
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0.48 0.66 0.640.48 0.57
0.58 0.730.76
1.271.64 1.59
1.581.54 1.50
1.55 1.37 1.64
28.24 29.0730.23
28.7730.05 30.22
31.2530.37
30.7230.48
31.1831.00
31.8130.92
31.42
28.63
31.25
28.7229.73
30.8829.25
30.6230.81
31.9831.13
31.99 32.1232.77
32.5833.35
32.4232.97
30.01
32.89
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
2002 2003 2004 2005
Feb
2005
Nop
2006
Feb
2006
Agst
2007
Feb
2007
Agst
2008
Feb
2008
Agst
2009
Feb
2009
Agst
2010
Feb
2010
Agst
2011
Feb
2011
Agst
Figure 7. Not Economically Active with The
Most House Keeping Activity
by Sex, 2002-2011
(million)
Male Female Total
Culture has brought more women as housekeepers than men?
From 2002 to 2011, women housekeepers growth was 3,01 millions,men growth was smaller, only 1.16 millions
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Trend of Labor Force ParticipationRate by Sex, 2002-2011
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85.57 85.6886.03 85.55 84.94 84.74 84.22 83.68
83.72 83.58 83.47 83.62 83.65 83.33 83.7684.86
84.30
50.13 50.19 49.23 50.65 48.41 48.63 48.0849.52 50.25 51.25 51.08
51.77 50.99 52.50 51.7655.13 52.44
67.76 67.86 67.55 68.02 66.79 66.74 66.16 66.60 66.99 67.3367.18 67.60
67.23 67.83 67.7269.96 68.34
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
2002 2003 2004 2005
Feb
2005
Nop
2006
Feb
2006
Agst
2007
Feb
2007
Agst
2008
Feb
2008
Agst
2009
Feb
2009
Agst
2010
Feb
2010
Agst
2011
Feb
2011
Agst
Figure 8. Labor Force Participation Rate
by Sex, 2002-2011
Male Female Total
No significant changes in the last 10 years for men and womenLFPR?
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Trend of Unemployment Rate bySex, 2002-2011
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7.47
7.89 8.11 8.289.29 8.58 8.52 8.53
8.117.94
7.59 7.72 7.516.88
6.15 6.425.90
11.75
12.68 12.89
13.57
14.71
13.7213.35
11.83
10.77
9.29 9.69
8.818.47 8.23 8.74
7.38 7.62
9.06
9.67 9.8610.26
11.24
10.4510.28
9.75
9.11
8.46 8.39 8.14
7.877.41
7.146.80 6.56
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
2002 2003 2004 2005
Feb
2005
Nop
2006
Feb
2006
Agst
2007
Feb
2007
Agst
2008
Feb
2008
Agst
2009
Feb
2009
Agst
2010
Feb
2010
Agst
2011
Feb
2011
Agst
Figure 9. Unemployment Rate by Sex, 2002-2011
Male Female Total
Price of oil was increased around 125 % in 2005, collapse of industries
had hit women workers. The unemployment gap for women and menwas greater than before. Then it decresed sharply since 2006
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Figures10. Distribution of Laborer by Educational Attainment,
August 2011
11. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Monthof Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011
12. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by Sex,
2007-2011
13. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) perMonth of Laborer by Main Occupation and Sex, August2011
14. Average of Working Hours per Week of Laborer by MainOccupation and Sex, August 2011
15. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) perMonth of Laborer by Educational Attainment and Sex,August 2011
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Figure 10. Distribution of Laborer by Educational
Attainment, August 2011
2%
10%
24%
20%
20%
13%
3%8%
Male
4%
10%19%
16%18%
10%
9%
14%
Female
2%
10%
22%
19%
20%
12%
5%10%
Total No Schooling
Not Yet Completed Primary School
Primary School
Junior High School
Senior High School (General)
Senior High School (Vocational)
Diploma I/II/III/ Academy
University
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958,971982,450
1,031,3481,055,123
1,165,697 1,191,0591,222,368
1,294,867
1,406,3171,437,764
715,414 747,277773,979
814,142873,103
927,745 953,927 1,024,991
1,099,3221,148,216
883,693908,834
949,370 976,923
1,071,8861,103,234 1,133,301
1,206,054
1,303,2211,342,594
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst
Figure 11.Average ofNet Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah)
per Month of Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011
Male Female Total
In 2007, wage ratio of women to men was around 74.6 %, and then
it become 79.8 % in 2011
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4545
44
44
4444 44
45
4444
42
41 4141
42
41
40
41
4040
44
4343
4343
43 43
44
4343
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst
Figure 12. Average ofWorking Hours per Week of
Laborer by Sex, 2007-2011
Male Female Total
Working hours ratio of women to men was 93.3% in 2007, then it become
90,9 % in 2011. Women working hours become lower but their wage becomehigher. It was probably caused by the higher women education
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0/1. Professional, technical and related workers
2. Administrative and managerial workers
3. Clerical and related workers
4. Sales workers
5. Services workers
6. Agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers,
fishermen and hunter
7/8/9. Production and related workers, transport
equipment operators and laborers
x/00. Others
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
0/1 2 3 4 5 6 7/8/9 x/00
2,651,618
4,206,742
2,128,403
1,320,3961,466,592
759,377
1,162,675
3,099,759
1,820,313
3,025,574
1,820,500
929,321678,723 476,161
813,755
2,381,119
2,195,534
4,000,060
1,999,635
1,160,8851,071,397
677,007
1,092,135
3,061,193
Figure 13. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income (Rupiah) per Month of Laborer
by Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011
Male Female Total
The highest gap wage was in the administrative and managerial wokers
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0/1. Professional, technical and related workers
2. Administrative and managerial workers
3. Clerical and related workers
4. Sales workers
5. Services workers
6. Agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers,
fishermen and hunter
7/8/9. Production and related workers, transport
equipment operators and laborers
x/00. Others
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0/1 2 3 4 5 6 7/8/9 x/00
37
42 43
49 50
37
4748
32
38
42
5048
29
4342
34
4142
50 49
35
4648
Figure 14. Average ofWorking Hours per Week of Laborer by
Main Occupation and Sex, August 2011
Male Female Total
No significant different working hours in occupation between womenand men
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0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
No
Schooling
Not Yet
Completed
Primary
School
Primary
School
Junior High
School
Senior High
School
(General)
Senior High
School
(Vocational)
Diploma
I/II/III/
Academy
University
690,923812,677
902,295
1,185,189
1,589,280 1,550,974
2,522,899
3,519,425
397,474 478,504 548,345
953,7601,114,750
1,187,325
1,829,015
2,382,487
546,826
701,104804,818
1,119,503
1,445,895 1,446,064
2,127,771
2,999,038
Figure 15. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income
(Rupiah) per Month of Laborer by Educational
Attainment and Sex, August 2011
Male Female Total
The higher education the higher gap wage of men to women
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Trend
16.Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) perMonthof Employee by Sex, 2007-2011
17.Average of Working Hours per Week of Employee by Sex,2007-2011
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1,141,308 1,166,1301,223,317
1,254,865
1,406,555 1,448,2951,458,424
1,530,485
1,640,472 1,659,546
854,052893,355
933,164973,642
1,071,986 1,098,364 1,113,694
1,192,463
1,275,653 1,291,753
1,049,222 1,077,3121,126,790 1,158,085
1,296,1361,322,380 1,337,753
1,410,982
1,510,5681,529,161
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst
Figure 16.Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per
Month ofEmployee by Sex, 2007-2011
Male Female Total
Minimum wage policy at province level was effective policy for
employee who worked in formal sector
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47
4646
4645
4545
46
45 45
45
43
44 44
45
4343
44
4242
46
45 4545
45
44
45
45
44 44
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst
Figure 17. Average of Working Hours per Week of
Employee by Sex, 2007-2011
Male Female Total
Two time increased oil price in 2008 caused increasing working hours
of women in first quarter 2009
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Trend
18. Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah) per Month
of Casual Employee Not in Agriculture by Sex, 2007-2011
19. Average of Working Hours per Week of Casual EmployeeNot in Agrilculture by Sex, 2007-2011
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631,873632,638
677,917715,344 723,965
731,506789,487
826,847
884,047936,146
377,956
336,825319,328
355,136 363,851396,115
482,149
405,028 414,474
485,380
592,755 583,215 620,993
651,094 655,291675,475
735,393762,517
808,856
863,531
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst
Figure 18.Average of Net Wage/Salary/Income(rupiah)
per Month of Casual Employee Not in Agriculture
by Sex, 2007-2011
Male Female Total
The government has persued an aggressive minimum wage policy
for formal sector but not for women who worked in informal sector
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4545
4445
4445 44
4644
45
4241 41
35 3536
3536 36
34
4344 43
4342
4343
4543 43
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2007 Feb 2007 Agst 2008 Feb 2008 Agst 2009 Feb 2009 Agst 2010 Feb 2010 Agst 2011 Feb 2011 Agst
Figure 19. Average of Working Hours per Week of
Casual Employee Not in Agrilculture by Sex, 2007-2011
Male Female Total
Working hours of women decreased in 2008, then almost stable in
the period from 2009 to 2011
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THANK YOU
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Population
Working AgePopulation 15
years
Labor Force
Empoyment Unemployment
Not In LaborForce
Schooling,Housekeeping,
Others
Not WorkingAge Population
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EMPLOYMENT STATUS :
Own account worker
Employer
Employee
Casual empoyee in agriculture Casual employee not in agriculture
Unpaid family worker
EmployeeCasual
employee inagriculture
LaborerCasual
employeenot in
agriculture
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CONCEPT AND DEFINITIONS Labor force: persons of 15 years old and over who, in
the previous week, were working, temporarily absentfrom work but having jobs, and those who did not have
work and were looking for work.
Not in labor force: persons aged 15 years andover, but not classified in labor force, such asstudents, housekeepers, or others exclude personal
activity.32
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Working: an activity done by a person whoworked for pay or assisted others inobtaining pay or profit for the duration atleast one hour during the survey week.Include an unpaid worker who help aneconomically activity/business.
Housekeepers: persons who were engagedin household duties in their own home, orpersons who helped in managing householdchores without payment, e.g. housewivesand their children who are doing householdwork. However, an activity undertaken by aservant is considered as work.
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Educational attainment: the highest educational
level completed by a person, verified with the receipt
of a diploma or a letter of completion/ certificate.
Industry: refers to the activity of the place of
work/company/office in which a person is employed,
classified according to the Indonesian StandardIndustrial Classification (KBLI) 2005.
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Occupation: refer to the type of work carried out by aparticular respondent, classified according to the KBJI2002 which referred to ISCO 88.
Net Wage/Salary, is a net wage/salary normallycollected for a period of 1 month from aenterprise/company/employer. This net wage/salary is
after deduction of compulsory contribution, income taxetc by enterprise/company/ employer.
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Employment status is the status of a person at the
place where he/she works. There are seven different
categories: Own-account worker, is a person who works at her/his
own risk without assisted by paid per mount worker or
unpaid worker include technical job or skill job.
Employer assisted by temporary workers/unpaid
worker, a person who works at her/his own risk andassisted by temporary worker/unpaid worker.
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Employer assisted by permanent worker/paidworkers, is a person who does his/her business ather/his own risk at least one assisted by paid
permanent worker.
Employee, is a person who work permanently forother people or institution/office/company and gainssome money/cash or goods as w3age/salary. Labor
who have no permanent employer is not categorizedas a laborer/worker/employee but casual worker. Alaborers, in general is considered to have apermanent employer if he has the same employerduring the same employer during the past month,
particularly for building construction sector is 3month. If the employer is an institution, more than1 (one) is allowed.
.
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Casual employee in agriculture, is a person who does not workpermanently for other people/employer/institution (more than 1employer during the last 1 month) in agricultural sector either
home industry or not home industry based on remuneration paidwith money or goods, and based on daily or contact paymentsystem. Agricultural industry covers food-based agricultural,plantation, forestry, livestock, fishery, hunting, includingagricultural services.
Employer is a person who gives a job with an agreementpayment.
Casual employee not in agriculture, is a person who does notwork permanently for other people/employer/institution (morethan 1 employer during hen past 1 month) in non agricultural
and gets money or goods as wage/salary either based on daily orcontract payment system. Those sectors include non agriculturalsector: mining, manufactures, electricity, gas and water,construction, trade, transportation, storage, and communication,financing, insurance, real estate, and business servicescommunity, social, and personal services.
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8/2/2019 Gender in Employment in Indonesia
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