Download - General chemistry for class 10 ok1294988295
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NuclearNuclear ChemicalChemical PhysicalPhysical
Reaction TypesReaction Types
Protons& Neutronschange
Bondsmade/ broken
Electrons exchanged
No change in atoms phase change Density
Substances can be identified by their properties.
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ChemicalChemical
Reaction TypesReaction Types
P+1 P+1
21
Li+1
Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states
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Chemical Bonds
Strong <----------------> Weak
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Cation an ion with a positive charge.
Anion an ion with a Negative charge.
Cation an ion with a positive charge.
Anion an ion with a Negative charge.
A
ION
+
-
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Li F
Ionic bond
21
21
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Li F
Ionic bond
21
21
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Li+1 F-1
Ionic bond
21
21
The attraction between a cation and an anion.
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Cations
H+ HydrogenNa+ SodiumMg+2 MagnesiumCa+2 CalciumAg+1 Silver
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Fe+2 Iron (II) FerrousFe+3 Iron (III) FerricCu+1 Copper (I) CuprousCu+2 Copper (II) CupricNH4
+ Ammonium
mo’ Cations
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F-1 FluorideCl-1 ChlorideBr-1 BromideI-1 Iodide
Anions
The Halogens
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PO4-3 Phosphate
SiO4-2 Silicate
SO4-2 Sulfate
MoO4-3 Molybdate
B4O7-2 Borate
Anions
OH-1 HydroxideNO2
-1 NitriteNO3
-1 Nitrate
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SALT - a Cation and an Anion held together by an ionic bond.
Opposites Attrace
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An engineer searching for a material to develop a new kind of “indestructible” eyeglass frame would desire what characteristics?
High hardness, high elasticity, high brittleness.
Low elasticity, high brittleness. Low brittleness, high hardness, high
elasticity. High brittleness, low hardness, low elasticity. None of the above
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Ice cubes float in a glass of water because:
a.the ice is losing mass through the melting process.
b.the colder ice is more dense.c.liquid water is less dense than ice cubes.d.the molecules of ice are arranged in an orderly
way so that there is an unusually large amount of empty space in the ice cubes.
e.None of the above
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A hot air balloon rises because
molecules become lighter when heated.
molecules move faster and farther apart when heated.
molecules are less attracted by gravity when heated.
molecules become charged and repel each other when heated.
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The solid, liquid, and gaseous states of water differ from each other in
the mass of the individual atoms.
the size of the individual atoms.
the net electrical charge of the individual molecules.
the average speed of movement of the individual molecules.
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The molecules in a test tube filled with cold water move more slowly than the molecules in a large tank of warm water. What is responsible for this difference in molecule speed?
pressure
volume
weight
heat
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Heat can cause ice to change to liquid water by
filling the spaces between molecules.
causing molecules to move faster and farther apart.
increasing the distance between electrons within molecules.
increasing the attraction between molecules
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If you saw an ice cube sink after it was placed in what you thought was a glass of water, which question should you probably ask?
What kind of liquid is in the glass?
Will the ice melt slower or quicker?
How fast did the ice cube sink?
How soon would the ice cube start to float?
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What will happen if you mix vinegar and baking soda?
It will explode.
Nothing will happen.
It will bubble up rapidly.
It will turn bright red.
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Which is a metric unit for density?
g/cm
cm/g
g/cm3
cm3/g
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When a gas forms a liquid, which process is taking place?
freezing
condensation
boiling
evaporation
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Which unit correctly describes density?
pounds/square inch
kilograms/square meter
milligrams/square centimeter
grams/milliliter
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Based on the melting points shown in the table, which material would still be a solid at 400°C? beeswax gold lead oxygen
Substance Melting Point (°C)Beeswax 62gold 1,063lead 327oxygen –218
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A chemical change for a piece of metal would be
being bent in half.
getting cut into two pieces.
being painted.
getting rusty.
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Which symbolizes a molecule of a compound?
He
Be
N2
NaCl
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Putting sand and salt together makes
a compound.
an element.
a mixture.
a solution.
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Plastic, wood, and iron are all made up of
cells.
atoms.
carbon.
plants.
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Water is
a compound.
an element.
a solution.
a mixture.
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An atom is to an element, as a molecule is to a
metal.
nonmetal.
metalloid.
compound.
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1981 Pennies
1985 Pennies
Mass(g)
Volume(cm3)
3.5 0.9
Mass(g)
Volume(cm3)
2.5 0.9
In 1982, the composition of US pennies was changed. According to the information in the table, 1985 pennies
are more dense than 1981 pennies.
are less dense than 1981 pennies.
are equal in density to 1981 pennies.
cannot be compared to 1981 pennies
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All of the substances on the periodic table are classified as elements because they
are pure substances. are composed of atoms. cannot be broken down into other substances. cannot be dissolved in water or other liquids.
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Salt (NaCl) is a common substance. Salt is which of these?
atom
element
compound
mixture
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Each element is assigned an atomic number, which is the same as
the number of electrons in the atom's nucleus.
the number of protons in the atom's nucleus.
the number of neutrons in the atom's nucleus.
the number of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus
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Mr. Davis performs a chemical reaction for the class. Which of these does NOT show evidence that a chemical reaction has occurred ? Change in color Change in shape Formation of gas Formation of a precipitate
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Which is the correct symbol for the element sodium?
S
Se
Cl
Na
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Which statement is usually true about the electrical properties of metals?
Metals have high electrical resistance.
Lightweight metals are the best conductors.
Metals and plastics are both good insulators.
Metals are good electrical conductors.
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Students poured different liquids to see how the liquids became layered. The denser liquids at the bottom, the lighter liquids at the top. What tool was used in this experiment?
a balance scale
a thermometer
a magnet
a graduated cylinder
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Tom places four objects in a tank of water. He makes the following observations. Which statement is correct based on Tom's observations?
The rock and the chalk have a density greater than water.
The rock and the chalk have a density less than water.The cork and the can of soda have a density equal to
water. The cork and the can of soda have a density greater
than water
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The chemical symbol Al represents which metal on the periodic table?
arsenic
antimony
aurum
aluminum
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P+1
Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
P+1
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Covalent bond when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
P+1 P+1
It’s like both atoms have a filled
orbital.
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Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).
Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.(or even 2 or 3 pairs of electrons).
H2H2
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Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.
Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms. Li2Li2
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When one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms combine, what forms?
a different atom
a different element
a molecule
a neutron
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Cl2Cl2
Covalent BondThe sharing of a pair of electrons between 2 atoms.
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Common chemicals
H2O2
NH3
NaOHNaClO I2
H2O2
NH3
NaOHNaClO I2
Compound o molecule ?
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Metallic Bond the sharing of valence electrons by neighboring metal atoms.
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Oxygen naturally occurs in which physical state?
solid
liquid
gas
plasma
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ChemicalChemical
Reaction TypesReaction Types
P+1 P+1
21
Li +1
Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma
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Reactivity
Combustibility
Gas formation
Precipitate
Color change
Chemical properties/ changes/ reactions (i.e., reactivity, combustibility). development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color).
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A difference between physical change and chemical change is that
chemical change involves energy while physical change does not.
physical change involves energy while chemical change does not.
different kinds of molecules are present after a physical change but not after a chemical change.
different kinds of molecules are present after a chemical change but not after a physical change
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ReactivityThe tendency to undergo a chemical change.
Ree ack tih vih T
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H
Li
Na
Be
Mg
B
Al
C
Si
N
P
O
S
F
Cl
He
Ne
Ar
MoLessMo Less
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Calorimeter
crystal labcarbohydrate labfatty acid labamino acid labconvection labdensity labdensity II labradioactive decay lab
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Which picture shows only a physical change in the wood?
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• Hydrogen-VERY reactive.• Helium-Non-reactive.
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On the periodic table, nitrogen is represented by N (atomic number 7). N is a chemical
equation.
period.
symbol.
group (family).
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Combustion - chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, producing and light (flames).
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CombustibilityThe tendency to react with Oxygen, releasing heat.
O2
BURNING
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H + O2
C + O2
N + O2
O + O2
Si + O2
Fe + O2
H + O2
C + O2
N + O2
O + O2
Si + O2
Fe + O2
Common Oxides
H2OH2O
NO2NO2
CO2CO2
O3O3
SiO2SiO2
Fe2O3Fe2O3
Compound o molecule ?Compound o molecule ?
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Which action would result in a chemical change?
crumpling several sheets of paper
pounding a nail into a piece of wood
peeling and slicing a carrot
making blueberry muffins
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Metals and Non-metals prefer to react with each other.One loses electrons, the other gets electrons.
determine how it will react with other substances. produce new substances which have new properties.
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Lithium Fluorine Lithium Fluorine
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ChemicalChemical
Reaction TypesReaction Types
P+1 P+1
21
Li +1 Bonds are made / broken Change in oxidation states Plasma
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evidence of Chemical Change: development of a gas formation of precipitate change in color
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NOT a Chemical Change:
crystalization fizz fluorescence
NOT a Chemical Change:
crystalization fizz fluorescence
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Precipitate the formation of insoluble ionic compounds.
Precipitate the formation of insoluble ionic compounds.Does NOT dissolve in water.
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Happines
Happines UnhappyUnstable
HIGH energy
UnhappyUnstable
HIGH energy
HappyStable
LOW energy
HappyStable
LOW energy
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Reactants Products(unstable) (stable)Reactants Products(unstable) (stable)
Reactants Products(stable) (unstable) Reactants Products(stable) (unstable)
energy
energy
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You get up in the morning and make toast for breakfast. You notice the color changes from light to dark. Later on that day in science class, your teachers asks for every day examples of physical and chemical changes.
Should you volunteer your toast as an example of a physical or chemical change?
Why?
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A different chemical substance is formed when a
piece of cloth is cut.
cup breaks.
candle burns.
piece of chalk breaks.
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Lucy noticed that her coin collection had begun to tarnish. Some of the metal in the coins had begun to change color. The formation of tarnish is most similar to which of the following changes?
shredding a piece of paper into hundreds of tiny strips
dropping a dinner plate on the floor
melting ice cubes in a glass of juice
burning a piece of paper to ashes in a fireplace
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Which is an example of a chemical change?
ice melting
salt crystals being ground to powder
water evaporating
wood burning
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The law of
Conservation of matter - matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
(Actually, NOT really true).
Matter does not “magically appear" or" disappear”.
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Decomposition
Simple Reactions
Synthesis(Combination)
SingleReplacement Double
Replacement
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Decomposition
Synthesis
SingleReplacement
DoubleReplacement
A B A B+
A BA B+
A BA B +C+ C
A BA B +C+ CD D
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Decomposition
Synthesis
SingleReplacement
DoubleReplacement
A B A B+
A BA B +
A BA B +C+ C
A BA B +C+ CD D
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A displacement reaction:metallic copper with silver nitrate
Cu + Ag NO3
Ag + Cu(NO3)2
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The study of chemicals that make up living things.
The study of chemicals that make up living things.
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BiochemicalsBiochemicals
Sugars (carbohydrates)
ProteinsFats (lipids)
DNA
Main categories
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Hair, nails and muscles are made of Proteins
Hair, nails and muscles are made of Proteins
Protein structure
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Sugars are called carbohydrates.They are made of a circle of
carbons and one oxygen.
Sugars
CC
C CC
OThey can be linked in a chain to form COMPLEX sugars.
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Fatty Acids are a kind of Fat or oil.They are basically a chain of carbons, with a COOH group.
Fats (lipids)
COOH group
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DNA isstored in theNucleus (center)of the cell.
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It is made up of four “letters” called A, G, T and C.
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All plant and animal life on Earth contains what element?
sulfur
carbon
silicon
aluminum
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Concentrationthe amount of solute dissolved in a solvent.
SolventSolute
Low------------------- Highdilute dy loot concentrated
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Solubility -how likely it is for a solute to dissolve in a solvent.
insoluble solubleLow High
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Wawa
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=
Dey da same
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Acid
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Base
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pH- the amount of H+ ions in a solution.
ACID extra H+1 ions (protons)
BASE fewer H+1 ions.
extra OH+1 ions.
Whatchyall lookin at bra ?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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Weak ACID
Strong ACID
HCl Hydrochloric acidH2SO4 Sulfuric acidHNO3 Nitric acid
CH3COOH Acetic acidH2CO3 Carbonic acid
Citric acid
pH H2O H+
1 10 1
2 100 1
3 1000 1
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pH paper
Blue Litmus paper
Red Litmus paper
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Balancing equations
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Ag + Cl2 AgClAg + Cl2 AgCl
1 2 1 1
Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.
22
2 2
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Ag + Cl2 AgClAg + Cl2 AgCl
1 2 1 1
Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.
22
2 2
22
2
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CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1
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CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1
22
24
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CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O 1 2 1 24 2 1
22
24
22
4
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Ag + Cl2 AgClAg + Cl2 AgCl
1 2 1 1
Both sides must be equalfor ALL atoms.
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LiCl + Na+1 NaCl + Li+1LiCl + Na+1 NaCl + Li+1
Na + Cl2 NaCl Na + Cl2 NaCl
H2O2 H2O + O2 H2O2 H2O + O2
KI + Mg+2 MgI2 + K+1KI + Mg+2 MgI2 + K+1
AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO3AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
LiCl + NaOH NaCl + LiOHLiCl + NaOH NaCl + LiOH
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Catalyst cat a lista substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction.It is unchanged at the end of the reaction.
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Platinum catalyst2 CO + O2 Pt 2 CO2
stabilizedintermediates
stabilizedintermediates
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How to read aPhase Diagram
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How to read aPhase Diagram
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How to read aPhase Diagram
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How to read aPhase Diagram
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Six munths
ago I cudnt
evun spelt chemissed
. An now I are one.
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