![Page 1: General Embryology - jcyxy.ahmu.edu.cnjcyxy.ahmu.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/7d/9e/e5bb813d468bab248b4...The main differentiation of trilaminar germ disc. 4. The component and function](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042800/5a726a237f8b9aa2538d9080/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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General Embryology
Email:[email protected] of Histology and Embryology
School of Basic Medicine
Anhui Medical University
Xie Fenfen
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1. The location of fertilization. The formation time of morula
and blastocyst.
2. The component and formation time of trilaminar germ disc.
3. The main differentiation of trilaminar germ disc.
4. The component and function of fetal membrane.
5. The structure and function of placenta.
6. Blastocyst; Placental barrier.
Key points
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General Description
Definition: Embryology is a science involved in researching the process and mechanism of ontogenesis and fetus development.
description embryology chemical embryology comparative embryology experimental embryology molecular embryology
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① Preembryonic period
② Embryonic period
③ Fetal period
It takes 38 weeks(266 days) from fertilization to
parturition of a mature fetus.
It can be divided into 3 periods:
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1) Preembryonic period:
First 2 weeks, fertilization to formation of the bilaminar germ disc.
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2) Embryonic period :
Weeks 3 – 8, primordial of all major organs develop fromthe three germ layers.
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3) Fetal period :
Week 9 – birth, Growth of the organ systems.
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General Information of Embryology
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Cotents
Maturation of germ cells and Fertilization
Cleavage, Blastocystformation and Implantation
The formation of embryonic disc
The differentiation of trilaminar germ disc and
Embryonic folding
Fetal membrane and Placenta
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1. germ cell
germ cell / gamete: sperm and ovum
haploid cell
sperm karyotype: 23 , X / 23 , Y
ovum karyotype: 23 , X
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Sperm
(1)spermatogenesis: Seminiferous Tubule
(2)functional maturation: Epididymal duct
(3)sperm capacitation: The female reproductive duct
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spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocyte
Sperm
Spermatid
Secondary spermatocytespermiogenesis
SpermatogoniumSpermatogoniumSpermatogoniumSpermatogoniumSpermatogoniumSpermatogonium
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• Head: acrosome and DNAThe acrosome contains enzymes
which are released when sperm
reaches ovum.
• Tail: microfilament for movement Middle section contains mitochondria.
Sperm
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Head of sperm wiping off glycoprotein
glycoproteinmembrane
acrosome
As sperm moving in uterus and oviduct, the glycoprotein, which cover the outside head of them to inhibit release of acrosome enzyme, is removed so that sperm gains the capability of fertilization.
Capacitation of Sperm
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Ovum
Twice meiosis division of oocyte:
(1) The first meiosis: 36 - 48 hours before ovulation, Ovary
(2) The second meiosis: Fertilization, Oviduct
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
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oogenesis
Primordial follicle
Mature follicle Secondary follicle
Primary follicle
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*Definition: The process by which the male and female gametes (sperm and ovum) unite to give rise to a zygote.
*Place: in the ampulla of oviduct
2. Fertilization
.
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(1)Penetration of corona radiata
(2)Penetration of zona pellucida
(3)Fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes
Three phases of fertilization
卵母细胞
cumulus cell
polar body
Phase 1
卵母细胞oocyte
Zona pellucida
Corona radiata
Phase 2
Phase 3
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Fertilized Egg Formation
1. Sperm-egg fusion 2. Male pronuclear, Female pronuclear
3. Chromosome mixture 4. Fertilized egg formation
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The Process of Fertilization
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Fusion of the oocyte and sperm
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Acrosome Reaction
After sperms bind to zona pellucida, they release of enzymes from acrosome, which is needed for sperm penetration of the zona pellucida.
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Zona becomes impenetrable to other sperm (monospermy), through enzyme release from cortical granules of oocyte to change structure and composition of the zona.
Zona Reaction
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Fertilization
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Scanning Electron Micrograph
Sperm binding to the zona pellucida
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Sperm entering the egg
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Human Embryo and Sperm
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(1)Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes
(2)Determination of the sex of the new individual
(3)Initiation of cleavage
X+X
Significance of Fertilization
How does the fertilized egg carry out cell division?
Y+X boy
girl
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Cotents
Maturation of germ cells and Fertilization
Cleavage, Blastocystformation and Implantation
The formation of embryonic disc
The differentiation of trilaminar germ disc and
Embryonic folding
Fetal membrane and Placenta
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Cleavage: Fertilized egg undergoes a series of mitotic divisions.
Blastomere: The cells which become smaller with each
cleavage division.
1. Cleavage and Blastocyst formation
2-cell stageFertilized egg 4-cell stage 8-cell stage
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Cleavage
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* 3 days after fertilization, cleavage divisions produce a
solid ball of cells called a morula.
morula
Morula
12-16 cells
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* 4 days after fertilization, about 100 blastomeres,
intercellular spaces a single cavity,blastocyst forms.
Component: Blastocele
Trophoblast
blastocyst
* Blastocyst
Inner cell mass
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Blastocyst formation
morula blastocyst
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Embryonic Stem Cell
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OvulationFertilizationCleavageBlastocyst formation
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Next, where is the blastocyst arrived in the uterine cavity going ???
OvulationFertilizationCleavageBlastocyst formation
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Definition: The process of the embryo completely embedding
itself within the endometrium.
2. Implantation
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zona pellucide disappear → polar trophoblast touch the
endometrium → secrete proteolytase → erode the endometrium → embedded into endometrium →coagulation plug seal the space
Processes of implantation
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Cytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
Surface epithelium
* Trophoblast become into two layers when blastocyst is embedding into endometrium.
Change of Trophoblast
Uterine gland
Blood vessle
StromaCytotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
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green cells - trophoblast layer of the conceptus
blue cells - epiblast layer of the bilaminar embryo
yellow cells - hypoblast layer of the bilaminar embryo
white cells - uterine endometrium epithelium
red - maternal blood vessel
Implantation
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Time:the 5th-6th day begin the 11th-12th day complete
*Place:Posterior wall of uterine fundus and Uterine body
Implantation
Ectopic Pregnancy
Placenta Previa
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Test-tube Baby
in vitro fertilization + embryo transfer
( 体外人工受精 ) ( 胚胎移植)
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6-day-embryo transfering to uterine cavity
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In 1978, the first test-tube baby in the world England
In 1988, the first test-tube baby in China Beijing Medical
University
In 1998, the first test-tube baby in Anhui province Anhui
Medical University