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General Industrial and
Critical Cleaning ApplicationsCleaning and Verification
Presented By:
Daryl L. Roll, P.E.Science and Quality Officer
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Systems Requiring Chemical Cleaning
• Cleanliness Requirements and
Procedure
• Fabrication and Installation
Strategies
• Welding Effects
• Qualified Subcontractor for
Component and System Cleaning
• Critical System Preparations
• Basic Cleaning and Passivation
Chemistries
• Testing and Verification
• Oxygen (LOX,GOX)
• Ammonia Gas
• Diesel Lines
• Demineralized Water
• Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
Absorber Units
• Fuel Oil
• Hydraulic Oil
• Lube Oil
• Methanol
• Natural Gas
• Zero Liquid Discharge Evaporator
Vessels
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Definitions
Passivation
• Removal of scale or metal oxides from the surface; often associated with some
metal loss or change in surface finish Pickling
Corrosion
• Electrochemical degradation resulting in growth of oxides and loss of metal
• Initial effects cause surface discoloration and deposits as passive film degrades
• Penetration of passive layer controlled by alloy
• Cleaning of product contamination or corrosion products from process surfaces
with chemistry
Chemical
Cleaning
• Removal of iron and iron compounds
• Oxidation of surface
• Chemical treatment designed to enhance the passive oxide film
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Specifications for Cleanliness
SPECIFICATION YEAR
ASTM A380 / A967 1999/2005
ASTM F312 / F331 1997 / 98
ASTM G93 1996
CGA G – 4.1; 4.4; 34 1996/93/2001
IEST STD CC 1246 D 2002
ISO 4406 1999
NAS 1638 2001
SAE ARP 598 2003
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Critical Gas Cleaning Requirements
• The CGA requirements include cleanliness testing of the
system after cleaning to meet 47.5 mg/sq. ft. of contamination
on the surface and dew point
• ASTM A967 requirements include alkaline cleaning and
passivation of welded and mechanically finished stainless steel
• Pickling for removal of metal oxides and heat scales are
reviewed in ASTM A380 for stainless steel and SCPC – SP8
for carbon steel
• Pipeline pigging requirements are suggested in CGA for gas
lines; diesel and water lines are mechanically cleaned by a pig
that moves through the inside of a pipeline for purposes of
cleaning, dimensioning or inspecting
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Critical Fluid Cleaning Requirements
• Visual inspection criteria for removal of oxides and
organic contamination
• Testing requirements may include cleanliness to meet
1.0 to 20 mg/sq. ft. of contamination on the surface
• Particulate analysis of fluid contained within the system
to meet SAE requirements
• Passivation guidelines for stainless steel are reviewed in
ASTM A380 and A967
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Typical Cleaning Process
• Cleaning Methods:
– Solvent washing
– Alkaline cleaning
– Acid cleaning
– Mechanical cleaning
(pigging process)
– High velocity oil flushing
– Gas purging / drying
– Steam blowing
• Safety Considerations
• Inspection
• Fluid, Gas and Surface
Testing
• Component Packaging
and Labeling
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Tests for Cleanliness
• Visual inspection
• Wipe test
• UV light
• Water break-free surface
• Solvent extraction - NVR
• Particle counting
• Record keeping
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Stainless Steel Cleaning and Passivation Benefits
• Chemical cleaning and flushing removes particulate and
oxide contamination and organic films
• Passivation increases corrosion protection at weld areas
and mechanically damaged surfaces
• Eliminates potential oxidation of contaminants within
distribution system
• Clean systems maintain product purity
• Reduction of oxide particulate generation
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Stainless Steel Composition
Chromium Enrichment
Nickel Enrichment
Alloy Chemistry
EXTERNAL SURFACE
ALLOY
BULK PHASE
TRANSITION ZONE
PASSIVE LAYER
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What Depth Profiles Tell Us About the Oxide Film
Notice the high
level of chrome
compared to that
of iron.
Stainless Steel Surface Analysis
Chromium
Iron
Nickel
Oxygen
Carbon
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Stainless Steel Welding and Fabrication Effects
• Corrosion resistance of surface effected
by grinding, welding and mechanical
polishing
• Chrome to iron ratio of surface at weld
areas or after grinding will be equal to
the base metal (0.3 Cr/Fe) or less
• Oxidation of active surfaces will
generate iron oxide particles
• Passivation will restore surface
corrosion resistance and a chrome to
iron ratio of 1.5+ or greater
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Weld Seam Analysis Pre-Passivation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9
OXYGEN
IRON
CHROMIUM
Metal Melt Zone
millimetersImage extracted from article by K. Balmer
.
• Welding Affects
Surface Composition
• Increased Levels of
Chromium Compared
to Iron
• Heat Affected Zone
(HAZ)
Oxygen
Iron
Chromium
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Weld Seam Analysis Post-Passivation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9 7 5 3 1 1 3 5 7 9
OXYGEN
IRON
CHROMIUM
Metal Melt Zone
millimeters
Passivation Corrects
Chrome/Iron Ratio
Removes
Discoloration
Restores Corrosion
Resistance
Oxygen
Chromium
Iron
Image extracted from article by K. Balmer
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Acid Pickling for Removal of Oxides
• Acid pickling removes oxides and
surface contamination by
aggressive chemical attack of the
surface
• Stainless steel pickling is used to
remove weld tint and heat effects
• Carbon steel pickling is used to
remove iron oxide corrosion down
into the base metal
• Surface finishes are changed
during pickling processes
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Fittings and Connections
• Butt welds – smoothest transition
• Flanges – maintenance, accessibility
• Socket welds – create particle entrapment areas
– Pre-clean of weld areas
– Post clean of weld areas
• Threaded connections – particle entrapment
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Valve Considerations
• Connection Types
– Flange
– Threads
– Socket weld
– Butt weld
• Valve Types
– Ball – small diameter
– Butterfly
– Gate or globe
• Removable spools for cleaning and replacement
• Components must be replaced during cleaning
operations, oxygen cleaned, and installed under purge
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Pre-Operational Cleaning Requirements
• The system must be free of metal grindings, construction
debris and excessive organics (oil and grease)
• The system must contain necessary low point drains and
high point vents
• Pneumatic pressure test with all components installed
• Quality welds with no excessive heat effected zones
• Components shall be removed and pre-cleaned
• Spool replacements for all components
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Marked Up Flow Paths
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Astro Pak Specialized Equipment
• Dedicated mobile flushing cart
• Variable speed drive pump
controller
• Filtration unit
• Reverse flow manifold
• Pressure / Temperature
Gauges
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What is Chelation?
• Chelants (citric acid, EDTA) dissolve
and ionically bond to form metal
complexes
• Removes iron oxides, metal
inclusions, sulfides and aluminum
• Prevents precipitation of iron after
processing
• Creates best corrosion resistant
passive surface on stainless steel
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Benefits of a Citric/Chelant Process
• Environmentally friendly, non-
hazardous chemistry
• Easier to dispose
• Low affinity for chromium
• Maximum iron removal
• Minimized personnel exposure
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Trends in Cleaning Chemistry
• Maximize Oxide Removal
• Reduce Chemical Aggressiveness
• Make Safety a Bigger Consideration
• Consider Environmental Impact
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Establishing an Effective Passivation Procedure
• Use an accepted and scientifically tested
procedure
• Prove the procedure on weld coupons from job
site samples
• Perform scale removal testing to optimize
procedures for descaling
• Design special treatments for specific conditions
and alloys
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Planning a Successful Cleaning Project
• Identify the scope of work
– What gets cleaned and what does not
• Be aware of chemical options for cleaning
– Inorganic and organic acids
• Consider chemical application methods
– Circulation, spraying, intermittent one way flow, immersion,
swabbing
• Define the cleaning and passivation procedure
– Chemical: time, temperature and concentration
– Chemical diluent and rinse water quality
• Verify the effectiveness of the cleaning procedure
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Planning a Successful Cleaning Project
• Schedule the cleaning project
• Mark up P&I drawings to indicate flow paths
• Confirm that required utilities will be available
– DI water, plant steam, electricity, plant air, etc.
• Document the entire process
– Use appropriate forms to record pertinent data
• Consider the disposition of the system being cleaned
• Make provisions for proper disposal of waste solutions
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Carbon Steel Cleaning
• Alkaline cleaning and flushing
removes particulate
contamination and organic
films
• Citric acid cleaning removes
iron oxide accumulations
• Nitrite passivation provides
temporary corrosion protection
on carbon steel surfaces
• Nitrogen drying
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Carbon Steel Cleaning Procedure
• Initial water flush and leak test
• Alkaline cleaning with detergents remove surface debris
and organic films
• Citric acid cleaning solution for iron removal
• Nitrite passivation
• Final water rinse
• Rinse with alcohol or high purity solvent
• Dry with clean, dry nitrogen and test for dew point
• Purge system for installation of components and final
pneumatic testing
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Solvent Cleaning
PART 1: CLEANING
• Solvent specifications require use of non-flammable
organic solvents
• n-propyl Bromide, AK-225, & Vertrel MCA are Freon
replacement solvents
• “Ozone Depleting” or solvents such as 1,1,1
Trichloroethane are regulated solvents
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Solvent Drying
PART 2: DRYING
• Alkaline cleaners require final DI water rinse
• Complex piping systems are difficult to dry with
entrapments
• Flushing with solvent will blend with residual water and
lower vapor pressure (IPA or Acetone)
• Nitrogen gas purge
• Allows attainment of -30°F dew point or better
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Lube Oil Flushing
• Flow rates to meet specification
– Typically 5 ft./sec. for 6”+
– 10 ft./sec. for 1” thru 4”
• High pressure equipment necessary for small bore
flushing
• Laser particle counter helpful in process verification
• Flushing oil to be capable of water entrainment unless
drying is verified
• SAE AS-4059 or NAS 1638 ranges for cleanliness
determination by particle counts
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Post Cleaning Requirements
• Pre-cleaned and certified components
• Removal of spools & replacement of
components within clean area & use of gas
purge
• Final gas testing of system
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Disposal of Waste Solutions
• Discharge directly to treatment system
• Neutralize on site
– Discharge to chemical drain
– Discharge to sanitary drain if criteria of site waste stream
is met
• Off site disposal
– Manifest hazardous waste
– Bill of lading non-hazardous waste
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Does Your Contractor…
Passivation Contractor Selection Checklist
Submit procedures and chemistry?
Review drawings and circuit designs?
Discuss connections to equipment?
Provide documentation package with?
– Iron solubility testing?
– Process certification?
– Chemical certificate of analyses?
– Instrument calibration records?
12
34
56
78
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Level
Reading Number
Iron Concentration Graph
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Effluent Conductivity Influent Conductivity (microSiemens)
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Summary
• Critical clean gas distribution piping systems require a clean
and organic free, corrosion resistant surface
• Fabrication operations reduce cleanliness and corrosion
resistance which is why cleaning and passivation is required
• Compliance with CGA / ASTM / SAE specifications
• Proper testing and certification of cleanliness is required
• Collaboration between engineering design, mechanical
installation and precision cleaning contractor is needed
• Systematic preparation, clean fabrication and proper cleaning
methods result in improved component performance, ease of
system maintenance and overall safety of operations
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Company Profile
• Established in 1959
• Headquarters: Costa Mesa, CA
• Industry Leader in precision,
high purity and chemical
cleaning services
• Uniquely positioned for large,
complex projects
• Named “Small Business of the
Year” by the Dept. of Energy
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QUIZ – Part 1
1. Quality passivation processes will improve the chromium to iron ratio to:
a) 0.3
b) 1.0
c) 1.5
d) 5.0
2. Pickling is a process that:
a) Passivates the surface
b) Removes oxides and scales with metal loss from the surface
c) Does not affect surface finish
d) Smoothes the surface to improve corrosion resistance
3. Chelant Passivation provides:
a) A more corrosion resistant surface
b) Non-hazardous waste disposal considerations
c) Higher chromium to iron ratio
d) All of the above
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QUIZ – Part 2
4. Lube Oil flushing processes involve:
a) Particle removal from lube oil distribution systems
b) Flushing oil that dissolves water residue instead of dispersing it
c) Removal of rust and scales from welding
d) Large bore piping that requires high pressure to flush at 3 feet per
second
5. Critical gas systems:
a) Do not require rust free corrosion resistant surfaces
b) Require a visibly clean, particle free and organic free surface
c) Are cleaned by gas blow downs
d) Pigging is used to test CGA cleanliness of piping system
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ANSWER KEY
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. B
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270 E. Baker Street 888.ASTROPAK
Suite 100 [email protected]
Costa Mesa, CA 92626 astropak.com
Questions?