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General Psychology General Psychology (PY110)(PY110)Chapter 5 Memory
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SensorySensory Short-TermShort-Term Long-TermLong-Term
Split Second
30 Second
s
Forever
Limited Capacity
Limited Duration
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Increasing Short Term Increasing Short Term MemoryMemoryGoal= Short term Long
Term Maintenance Rehearsal
◦repeating information in short-term memory to keep in from fading from short-term memory
Chunking◦a strategy for making more efficient
use of short-term memory by recoding information
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Information Processing Information Processing SystemSystem
EncodingThe process of
transferring information from one memory
stage to the next
EncodingThe process of
transferring information from one memory
stage to the next
Storage The process of
maintaining information in a particular
stage
Storage The process of
maintaining information in a particular
stage
RetrievalThe process of bringing stored
information from long-term memory to the conscious level
in short-term memory
RetrievalThe process of bringing stored
information from long-term memory to the conscious level
in short-term memory
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Encoding FailureEncoding FailureEncoding failure theory says
that sometimes forgetting is not really forgetting, but rather that the information never entered long-term memory in the first place.
Now an example of encoding failure…
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An Example of Encoding An Example of Encoding FailureFailure
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Methods for Improving Methods for Improving EncodingEncodingMnemonics:
◦ Useful for remembering lists of items, especially ordered lists, especially ordered lists, speeches, and long passages of text.
Spacing (Distributed)effect:◦ Superior long term
memory for spaced study versus massed study (cramming).
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Methods of RetrievalMethods of Retrieval
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RecallRecall
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Primary Effect and Recency Primary Effect and Recency EffectEffectPrimacy
Recency In the same list the recall of the words at the end of the list will also be superior
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Ebbinghaus Curve for Ebbinghaus Curve for ForgettingForgetting
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Theories of ForgettingTheories of ForgettingInterference Theory
◦Proposes that other information interferes and makes the forgotten information inaccessible.
There are two types of interference…
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Types of InterferenceTypes of InterferenceProactive
interference occurs when information you already know makes it hard to retrieve newly learned information
Retroactive interference occurs when information you just learned makes it hard to retrieve old information
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Proactive and Retroactive Proactive and Retroactive
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Storage Decay TheoryStorage Decay Theorysuggests that
forgetting occurs because of a problem in the storage of the information◦The biological trace
of the memory gradually decays over time and the periodic usage of the information will help to maintain it in storage
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PsychoanalyticPsychoanalyticRepression
◦Unknowingly placing an unpleasant memory or thought in the unconscious.
Not remembering a traumatic incident in
which you witnessed a crime.