Generators, Motors and How We Get ElectricityGenerators, Motors and How We Get Electricity
TopicsTopics
What is electricity? Energy Conversion The Faraday Effect Motor vs. Generator AC/DC Energy Trends - the case for Green
What is electricity? Energy Conversion The Faraday Effect Motor vs. Generator AC/DC Energy Trends - the case for Green
What is Electricity?What is Electricity?
Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons
Electricity is energy transported by the motion of electrons
**We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into
electrical energy**
**We do not make electricity, we CONVERT other energy sources into
electrical energy**
Conversion is the name of the gameConversion is the name of the game
Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityNon-Thermal Paths
Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityNon-Thermal Paths
• Source to Electrical Source ConverterSun Photovoltaic (photon to electron)Chemical Fuel Cell
• Source to Potential/Kinetic to Mechanical to Electrical Source Converter Kinetic to Mechanical Mech to ElectricalDam Penstocks Turbine (water) GeneratorTides Machine Turbine (air or water) GeneratorWind N/A Turbine (air) Generator
Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityThermal Paths
Energy Conversion Options for ElectricityThermal Paths
• Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Heat to Mechanical Mech to ElectricalGeothermal Turbine (vapor) GeneratorOTEC Turbine (vapor) Generator
• Stored Energy to Heat to Mechanical to Electrical Source Reactor Heat to Mechanical Mech to ElectricalFuel Combustor Turbine (gas or vapor) GeneratorU, Pu Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) GeneratorSun Collector* Turbine (gas or vapor) GeneratorH, H2, H3Reactor Turbine (gas or vapor) Generator
* More a modifier or concentrator than a reactor
Faraday EffectFaraday Effect
• Faraday Effect
• Basic Concepts• Voltage – V – Potential to Move Charge (volts)• Current – I – Charge Movement (amperes or amps)• Resistance – R – V = IxR (R in =ohms)• Power – P = IxV = I2xR (watts)
Electric MotorElectric Motor
MElectricalEnergy
MechanicalEnergy
DC MotorDC Motor
Model Electric MotorModel Electric Motor
Beakman MotorBeakman Motor
What do you need?What do you need?1. Electric Energy2. Coil3. Magnetic Field
1. Electric Energy2. Coil3. Magnetic Field
Electric GeneratorElectric Generator
GMechanicalEnergy
ElectricalEnergy
Stationary magnets - rotating magnets - electromagnetsStationary magnets - rotating magnets - electromagnets
AC/DC (not the band)AC/DC
(not the band)
Alternating Current Large-scale
generators produce AC
Follows sine wave with n cycles per second
1, 2, 3-phase? US:120 V,60 Hz Europe: 240 V,50Hz Transforming ability
Alternating Current Large-scale
generators produce AC
Follows sine wave with n cycles per second
1, 2, 3-phase? US:120 V,60 Hz Europe: 240 V,50Hz Transforming ability
Direct Current Batteries,
Photovoltaics, fuel cells, small DC generators
Charge in ONE direction
Negative, Positive terminals
Easy conversion AC to DC, not DC to AC
Direct Current Batteries,
Photovoltaics, fuel cells, small DC generators
Charge in ONE direction
Negative, Positive terminals
Easy conversion AC to DC, not DC to AC
Generator Phases 1 Phase – 2 Phase – 3 Phase…Smooth Power
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035150
100
50
0
50
100
150
200
250220
110−
V t( )
V 1 t( )
V 2 t( )
V 3 t( )
0.0330 t
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035150
100
50
0
50
100
150110
110−
V t( )
V 1 t( )
V 2 t( )
V 3 t( )
0.0330 t
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035150
100
50
0
50
100
150
200155.563
110−
V t( )
V 1 t( )
V 2 t( )
V 3 t( )
0.0330 t
Polyphase Systems 3 phases for smoother torque delivery
Force Driving Motor (Red)
Single Phase Two Phase Three Phase
Where do we get our Electricity?
Where do we get our Electricity?
• Fossil – Coal, Natural
Gas, Oil – 550 Gigawatts
(GW)
• Nuclear – 200 GW
• Hydro – 75 GW
• Geothermal – 2.3 GW
• Other Renewable –
Wind, Solar, OTEC – 13.6
GW
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
USACanadaNorwayRussia Japan U.K.
Mexico China India Africa
Bangladesh
Energy Usage Per Capita (1999)T
OE
/per
son-
year
*TOE - Tons of Oil Equivalent (~40 Million Btus)
Oil ResourcesOil Resources
Saudi Arabia 26%Iraq 11%Kuwait 10%Iran 9%UAE 8%Venezuela 6%Russia 5%Libya 3%Mexico 3%China 3%Nigeria 2%U.S. 2%
U.S. 26%Japan 7%China 6%Germany 4%Canada 4%Russia 3%Brazil 3%S. Korea 3%France 3%India 3%Mexico 3%Italy 2%
Have Oil… Use Oil…
The U.S. uses more than the next 5 highestconsuming nations combined.
The U.S. uses more than the next 5 highestconsuming nations combined.
U.S. Renewable Energy Resource AssessmentU.S. Renewable Energy Resource Assessment
WindSolar
Geothermal
Temperature <90CTemperature >90CGeopressured resources
o
o
10
10
12
12
14
14
16
16
18
1820
20
2224
26
22 2426
16
14
14
1614
12
10
10
12 <10
10-12
12-14
14-16
16-18
18-2020-22
22-24
24-26 26-28
>28
6.0-6.5 m/s13.4-14.6 mph
6.5-70 m/s14.6-15.7 mph
>7.0 m/s15.7+ mph
Megajoules/m2
Biomass
Agricultural resources & residues Wood resources & residues Agricultural & wood residues Low inventory
US energy infrastructure is large and deeply entrenched• 400,000+ miles of gas and oil pipelines• 160,000+ of high voltage transmission lines• 176,000 gasoline stations• 1000’s of oil and gas wells drilled annually in the US and Canada
Barriers to ChangeBarriers to Change
oil and gas are readily available as a world commodity at low cost -- equivalent to $ 4 to 5 / million Btu
US coal is even more abundant and cheaper – approximately $1/million Btu
US electricity prices remain low relative to other commodities
The average American family spends only 3 to 4% of their income on energy!!
Barriers to ChangeBarriers to Change