Download - Genetics
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Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Chapter 11
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Mendel
• Austrian Monk
• Was a local high school science teacher
• Job was to grow food for the entire monastery
• Became interested in how traits are passed from parents to offspring.
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Variations
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Human Genetics
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Principles of Inheritance
• E:\Early_Principles_of_Inheritance.asf
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Mendel
• Crossed and controlled breeding of pea plants
• Used burlap sacks to control pollination of flowering pea plants
• Very controlled experiment
• Many generations in a short period of time
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Mendel’s Work
• Crossed a tall pea plant with a tall pea plant, produced all tall plants.
• Crossed a short pea plant with a short pea plant, produced all short plants.
• Crossed a tall pea plant with a short plant, produced all tall plants.
• Took seeds from the previous cross, produced 3 tall plants and one short plant
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Monohybrid Crosses
• E:\Introduction____Classical_Genetics_and_Monohybrid_Crosses.asf
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Mendel’s Research
• E:\Gregor_Mendel_s_Research_and_Principles.asf
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Mendel’s Discoveries
• E:\Mendel_s_Research_and_Discoveries.asf
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Mendel’s Hypothesis
• Traits are controlled by factors (genes) which always occur in pairs
• Factors (genes) separate during the formation of sex cells (gametes).
• In a pair of factors (genes) one may mask or hide the effect of the other trait.
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Possible Gametes
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Punnett Square
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Punnett Square
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Punnett Square
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Punnett Square
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Punnett Square
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Punnett Square
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Punnett Square
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Pea Plants
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Mendel’s Crosses
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Genetic Terms
• Homozygous- two alleles that are the same, TT or tt
• Heterozygous- two alleles that are opposite, Tt (hybrid)
• genotype- using letters to represent traits, TT, Tt, tt.
• Phenotype-a physical description of a trait,
• Homozygous tall, heterozygous tall.
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Genetics
• In pigs white coat color is dominant to black coat color. Curly tails are dominant to straight tails.
• Cross a heterozygous white coat, heterozygous curly tail male with a heterozygous white coat, heterozygous curly tail female. Predict the possible results.
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Probability
• E:\Probability.asf
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Mendel’s research on Pea Plants
• E:\Gregor_Mendel_s_Reseach_on_Pea_Plants_and_His_Development_of_Theories_of_Inheritance.asf
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Dihybrid Crosses
• E:\Introduction___Dihybrid_Crosses.asf
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Dihybrid Cross
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Dihybrid Cross
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Breeding Song Birds
• E:\Breeding_White_Songbird_Canaries_Through_a_Dihybrid_Cross.asf
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Incomplete Dominance
• E:\Incomplete_Dominance_in_Snapdragons.asf
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Genetics
• In four ‘o’ clocks, red is incompletely dominant to white flower color. The heterozygous condition results in pink flowers.
• Cross a red flower with a pink flower and predict the results.
• Cross a pink flower with a pink flower and predict the results.
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Multiple Alleles and Co-dominance
• E:\Multiple_Alleles_and_Co_Dominance_in_Human_Blood_Types.asf
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Incomplete dominance vs. Co- dominance
• Incomplete- you get a mixture. Red and white, you get pink.
• Co-dominance- both traits appear. Red and white to make roan.
• A and B blood types combine to make AB.
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Human Alleles
• E:\Possible_Combinations_of_Human_Alleles.asf
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Fruit Flies
• E:\Research_on_the_Genetic_Make_up_of_the_Fruit_Fly_Drosophila.asf
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Human Sex Chromosomes
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Sex Linked Inhertiance
• E:\Introduction___Sex_Linked_Inheritance.asf
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Sex Linked Inhertiance
• E:\Inherited_Human_Traits_and_Patterned_Sex_Linked_Inheritance.asf
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Color Blindness
• E:\Color_Blindness.asf
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Color Blindness
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Hemophylia
• E:\Hemophylia.asf
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Pedigree Charts
• E:\Organizing_Information_About_Sex_Linked_Inheritance_in_Pedigree_Charts.asf
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Sex Linked Traits
• Traits carried on X or Y chromosome.
• Most are carried on X chromosome.
• Therefore a male is 70 times more likely to have a sex-linked trait than a female.
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Sex limited traits
• Traits carried by both sexes and controlled by the presence of sex hormones.
• Secondary sexual characteristics.
• Females- estrogen and progesterone
• Female traits- higher % of body fat vs. lower % of muscle tissue. Breast growth and production of eggs.
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Sex Limited Traits cont.
• Males
• Voice change, growth of beard, production of sperm, Higher % of muscle tissue vs. lower % of body fat.
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Sex Influenced Traits
• Traits that are dominant in one sex and recessive in the other trait.
• Male pattern baldness.
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Polygenic Inheritance
• More than one pair of alleles codes for a trait.
• Skin color
• Hair color
• Eye color
• The more dominant traits, the darker, more recessive, lighter the color.
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Selective Breeding
• Luther Burbank worked with potato plants to produce a potato that was resistant to disease.
• You take the best two individuals with qualities that are favorable, and allow them to mate.
• Hopefully the traits are passed to offspring.
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Hybridization
• Crossing of two different organisms and trying to pass the traits to the offspring.
• Cross between a cow and a buffalo and producing a beefalo.
• Done with some domestic animals hoping to produce a new breed.
• Many hybrids are sterile.
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Hybrids
• Crossing of two closely related but different individuals
• The goal is to get the best qualities of each individual
• Example beefalo
• Goal was to get an individual that had good tasting meat but was able to survive extreme harsh weather conditions.
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Hybrids
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Genetic Disorders
• Human disorders can be caused by dominant, or recessive genes. Some may exhibit co-dominance.
• Many of these disorders are from particular areas of the world. They have become more prevalent due to the breaking down of geographic and social barriers.
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Genetic Disorders
• Most genetic disorders are autosomal, which means they occur on an autosome or any chromosome other than sex chromosome.
• Sex linked- occur on X or Y chromosome
• Color blindness, hemophilia
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Sickle Cell
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Nondisjunction
• Failure of a pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
• Trisomy- three chromosomes instead of the normal pair.
• Monosomy- one chromosome instead of the normal pair.
• May occur in any pair of chromosomes
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Trisomy 21
• Downs Syndrome- results from nondisjunction in the 21st pair of chromosomes, they have 3 chromosomes instead of the normal pair.
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Karotypes
• Used by Geneticist to determine genetic disorders.
• Take a photograph of chromosomes and then line them up to see if correct number exists or if part of a chromosome is missing.
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Karotypes
• E:\Karyotype___A_Key_to_the_Study_of_Sex_Linked_Inheritance.asf
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Karotypes
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Cloning
• E:\Cloning.asf
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Human Genome
• E:\An_Introduction_to_the_Human_Genome.asf
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Becoming an Identical Twin
• E:\Becoming_an_Identical_Twin.asf
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Identical Twins
• E:\Identical_Genes__The_Science_of_Identical_Twins.asf
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Twins and Environment
• E:\Separated_at_Birth__Environment_vs__Heredity_in_Identical_Twins.asf
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Genetics and Behavior
• E:\Novelty_Genes__Genetics_and_Behavior.asf
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Hunting Down Genes
• E:\Hunting_Down_the_Genes_Involved_in_Disease.asf
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Tracking Traits
• E:\Tracking_Specific_Traits_Through_Genetic_Code.asf
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Mutation
• Any change in the genetic code.
• Most mutations are harmless
• Most mutations correct themselves during the next cell division.
• Mutations may cause an abnormal growth of some types of cells, this may lead to various types of cancer.
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Mutations cont.
• Mutations can be on the DNA level, allele level, or the chromosome level.
• Mutations may be harmful or lead to a genetic change.
• Some genetic change may be positive.
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Genetic Engineering
• Manipulating DNA
• Gene Splicing, cut DNA at a specific point so that a new sequence of DNA can be introduced. Ex. Injecting the gene to produce insulin into bacteria so that it will produce insulin.
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Gene Splicing
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DNA to Solve Crimes
• E:\Using_DNA_Evidence_to_Solve_Crimes.asf
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X Chromosome turned off
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Aging
• E:\The_Molecular_Process_of_Aging__Telomeres_and_the_Death_of_Cells.asf