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Page 1: Genetics

Genetics

Gregor Mendel

Chapter 11

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Mendel

• Austrian Monk

• Was a local high school science teacher

• Job was to grow food for the entire monastery

• Became interested in how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

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Variations

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Human Genetics

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Principles of Inheritance

• E:\Early_Principles_of_Inheritance.asf

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Mendel

• Crossed and controlled breeding of pea plants

• Used burlap sacks to control pollination of flowering pea plants

• Very controlled experiment

• Many generations in a short period of time

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Mendel’s Work

• Crossed a tall pea plant with a tall pea plant, produced all tall plants.

• Crossed a short pea plant with a short pea plant, produced all short plants.

• Crossed a tall pea plant with a short plant, produced all tall plants.

• Took seeds from the previous cross, produced 3 tall plants and one short plant

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Monohybrid Crosses

• E:\Introduction____Classical_Genetics_and_Monohybrid_Crosses.asf

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Mendel’s Research

• E:\Gregor_Mendel_s_Research_and_Principles.asf

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Mendel’s Discoveries

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Mendel’s Hypothesis

• Traits are controlled by factors (genes) which always occur in pairs

• Factors (genes) separate during the formation of sex cells (gametes).

• In a pair of factors (genes) one may mask or hide the effect of the other trait.

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Possible Gametes

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Punnett Square

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Punnett Square

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Punnett Square

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Punnett Square

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Punnett Square

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Punnett Square

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Punnett Square

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Pea Plants

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Mendel’s Crosses

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Genetic Terms

• Homozygous- two alleles that are the same, TT or tt

• Heterozygous- two alleles that are opposite, Tt (hybrid)

• genotype- using letters to represent traits, TT, Tt, tt.

• Phenotype-a physical description of a trait,

• Homozygous tall, heterozygous tall.

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Genetics

• In pigs white coat color is dominant to black coat color. Curly tails are dominant to straight tails.

• Cross a heterozygous white coat, heterozygous curly tail male with a heterozygous white coat, heterozygous curly tail female. Predict the possible results.

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Probability

• E:\Probability.asf

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Mendel’s research on Pea Plants

• E:\Gregor_Mendel_s_Reseach_on_Pea_Plants_and_His_Development_of_Theories_of_Inheritance.asf

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Dihybrid Crosses

• E:\Introduction___Dihybrid_Crosses.asf

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Dihybrid Cross

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Dihybrid Cross

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Breeding Song Birds

• E:\Breeding_White_Songbird_Canaries_Through_a_Dihybrid_Cross.asf

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Incomplete Dominance

• E:\Incomplete_Dominance_in_Snapdragons.asf

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Genetics

• In four ‘o’ clocks, red is incompletely dominant to white flower color. The heterozygous condition results in pink flowers.

• Cross a red flower with a pink flower and predict the results.

• Cross a pink flower with a pink flower and predict the results.

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Multiple Alleles and Co-dominance

• E:\Multiple_Alleles_and_Co_Dominance_in_Human_Blood_Types.asf

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Incomplete dominance vs. Co- dominance

• Incomplete- you get a mixture. Red and white, you get pink.

• Co-dominance- both traits appear. Red and white to make roan.

• A and B blood types combine to make AB.

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Human Alleles

• E:\Possible_Combinations_of_Human_Alleles.asf

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Fruit Flies

• E:\Research_on_the_Genetic_Make_up_of_the_Fruit_Fly_Drosophila.asf

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Human Sex Chromosomes

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Sex Linked Inhertiance

• E:\Introduction___Sex_Linked_Inheritance.asf

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Sex Linked Inhertiance

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Color Blindness

• E:\Color_Blindness.asf

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Color Blindness

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Hemophylia

• E:\Hemophylia.asf

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Pedigree Charts

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Sex Linked Traits

• Traits carried on X or Y chromosome.

• Most are carried on X chromosome.

• Therefore a male is 70 times more likely to have a sex-linked trait than a female.

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Sex limited traits

• Traits carried by both sexes and controlled by the presence of sex hormones.

• Secondary sexual characteristics.

• Females- estrogen and progesterone

• Female traits- higher % of body fat vs. lower % of muscle tissue. Breast growth and production of eggs.

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Sex Limited Traits cont.

• Males

• Voice change, growth of beard, production of sperm, Higher % of muscle tissue vs. lower % of body fat.

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Sex Influenced Traits

• Traits that are dominant in one sex and recessive in the other trait.

• Male pattern baldness.

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Polygenic Inheritance

• More than one pair of alleles codes for a trait.

• Skin color

• Hair color

• Eye color

• The more dominant traits, the darker, more recessive, lighter the color.

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Selective Breeding

• Luther Burbank worked with potato plants to produce a potato that was resistant to disease.

• You take the best two individuals with qualities that are favorable, and allow them to mate.

• Hopefully the traits are passed to offspring.

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Hybridization

• Crossing of two different organisms and trying to pass the traits to the offspring.

• Cross between a cow and a buffalo and producing a beefalo.

• Done with some domestic animals hoping to produce a new breed.

• Many hybrids are sterile.

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Hybrids

• Crossing of two closely related but different individuals

• The goal is to get the best qualities of each individual

• Example beefalo

• Goal was to get an individual that had good tasting meat but was able to survive extreme harsh weather conditions.

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Hybrids

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Genetic Disorders

• Human disorders can be caused by dominant, or recessive genes. Some may exhibit co-dominance.

• Many of these disorders are from particular areas of the world. They have become more prevalent due to the breaking down of geographic and social barriers.

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Genetic Disorders

• Most genetic disorders are autosomal, which means they occur on an autosome or any chromosome other than sex chromosome.

• Sex linked- occur on X or Y chromosome

• Color blindness, hemophilia

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Sickle Cell

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Nondisjunction

• Failure of a pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

• Trisomy- three chromosomes instead of the normal pair.

• Monosomy- one chromosome instead of the normal pair.

• May occur in any pair of chromosomes

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Trisomy 21

• Downs Syndrome- results from nondisjunction in the 21st pair of chromosomes, they have 3 chromosomes instead of the normal pair.

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Karotypes

• Used by Geneticist to determine genetic disorders.

• Take a photograph of chromosomes and then line them up to see if correct number exists or if part of a chromosome is missing.

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Karotypes

• E:\Karyotype___A_Key_to_the_Study_of_Sex_Linked_Inheritance.asf

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Karotypes

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Cloning

• E:\Cloning.asf

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Human Genome

• E:\An_Introduction_to_the_Human_Genome.asf

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Becoming an Identical Twin

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Identical Twins

• E:\Identical_Genes__The_Science_of_Identical_Twins.asf

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Twins and Environment

• E:\Separated_at_Birth__Environment_vs__Heredity_in_Identical_Twins.asf

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Genetics and Behavior

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Hunting Down Genes

• E:\Hunting_Down_the_Genes_Involved_in_Disease.asf

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Tracking Traits

• E:\Tracking_Specific_Traits_Through_Genetic_Code.asf

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Mutation

• Any change in the genetic code.

• Most mutations are harmless

• Most mutations correct themselves during the next cell division.

• Mutations may cause an abnormal growth of some types of cells, this may lead to various types of cancer.

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Mutations cont.

• Mutations can be on the DNA level, allele level, or the chromosome level.

• Mutations may be harmful or lead to a genetic change.

• Some genetic change may be positive.

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Genetic Engineering

• Manipulating DNA

• Gene Splicing, cut DNA at a specific point so that a new sequence of DNA can be introduced. Ex. Injecting the gene to produce insulin into bacteria so that it will produce insulin.

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Gene Splicing

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DNA to Solve Crimes

• E:\Using_DNA_Evidence_to_Solve_Crimes.asf

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X Chromosome turned off

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Aging

• E:\The_Molecular_Process_of_Aging__Telomeres_and_the_Death_of_Cells.asf


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