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GENOME: an organism’s complete set of genetic materialHumans ~3 billion base pairs
CHROMOSOME: Part of the genome; structure that holds tightly wound DNA around proteins
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GENE: part of a chromosomeA sequence of DNA that encodes for a protein- several to hundreds of nucleotides in length
CODON: Part of a gene; three nucleotides that code for an amino acid
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T G A C G A T A C C G G A A G G G T C A G T G G A T A A T T A T C A C T
DNA
A C U G C U A U G G C C U U C C C A G U C A C C U A U U A A U A G U G A
mRNA
Protein fragment
MET ALA PHE PRO VAL THR TYR
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RIBOSOMEmRNA
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41_Ne5mS2ls
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RIBOSOME
mRNA
Protein Strand
1. mRNA enters the RIBOSOME and is read a CODON at a time (three base pairs at a time)
2. A protein strand is created one amino acid at a time.
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tRNA are molecules that havesingle amino acids attached tothem
3. When the code on the tRNA matches up with the correct codon of the mRNA, the molecule is brought into the ribosome
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4. As a molecule of tRNA enters, its amino acid is attached to the growing chain of amino acids
5. A growing chain of amino acids forms a protein
6. Empty tRNA leave the ribosome
Final protein shape is determined by the polarity of the amino acids and their order
- hydrophobic = inside - hydrophilic = outside
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MUTATIONS
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MUTATIONS
SUBSTITUTION FRAMESHIFT
SILENT
REALZIES
A single base pair is substituted for another
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DNA G G T C A A T A C C G T T T A
mRNA C C A G U U A U G G C A A A U
Protein PRO VAL MET ALA ASN
T
A
ASP
G
C
NO CHANGE
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MUTATIONS
SUBSTITUTION FRAMESHIFT
SILENT
REALZIES INSERTIONDELETION
A single base pair is substituted for another
A single base pair is either added to or removed from
the segment
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DNA G G T C A A T A C C G T T T A
mRNA C C A A G U U A U G G C A A A
Protein PRO VAL MET ALA ASN
T
SER TYR GLY LYS
mRNA C C A G U U A U G G C A A A U
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RzEpkBU-ITA
http://youtu.be/qVmusHZtQms?t=9m17shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qVmusHZtQms
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