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GEOL 440 Sedimentology and stratigraphy:
processes, environments and deposits
Jim Bestand
Bruce Fouke
MWF: LecturesF: Laboratory Class
Lecture 1: Scope, assessment and structure of course; Introduction to Sedimentologyand Basic Definitions: uses and applications of Sedimentology.
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•What is this course about?• How do I get the most out of this
course?
The purpose of this course is to provide an integrated overview of the sciences of sedimentology and
stratigraphy. State-of-the-art analytical tools will be integrated with the latest theoretical concepts on
deposition and diagenesis to provide a comprehensive answer to the questions "What is the origin of a sedimentary rock?" and “How can the study of sedimentary processes help us better understand ancient environments and manage
modern environmental change”.
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Course materials and textbooks
Handout -course outline
Handouts/lecture notes
Other texts and journal papers……
essential
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Course materials and textbooks
Use Boggs for parts of course
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Assessment•Types
•Deadlines•Curves
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Questions?
Any previous knowledge of sedimentology?
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THE KEY - PROCESSES
A general approach…..
1) Present is the key to the past (yes, but lets discuss!)2) Observe the ancient3) Do the inverse problem
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techniques
interregional mappingseismic imaging
seismic imagingregional mappingwell correlation
local mappingoutcrop/core studiesfacies analysisthin sections
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Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Siliciclastic
Biogenic, biochemical& organic
Chemicalsediments
conglomerates and breccias,sandstones and mudrocks
limestones (& dolomites),cherts,
phosphates & coals
evaporites,ironstones
ignimbrites, tuffs,debris flowsVolcaniclastic
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Some examples of sedimentary environments & rocks
think about how we can best interpret the depositional environment
from the rock record
(i.e. what do we need to know as a sedimentary forensic scientist!)
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Source
Sink
fluvial transport
landslides
glacialerosion
fjords
shoreline
Stratigraphy
shelf break
fans
abyssal plainsor basin floor
openslopes
deltaic & estuarinetrapping
tidewater
glacial runoffstreams
floodplainsprimary
productivity
Coral reefs
weathering
hillslopeerosion
shelf
Sedimentary environments: the framework
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Source
Sink
Sedimentary environmentsLets take a tour around some modern
environments & their ancient equivalents.
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Deserts
Algeria
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Deserts
aeolian dunes
capped by basalt
TheNamib Desert
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Rivers
Rakaia River, NZ
c.5 km
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Rivers
• modern process• ancient product
The joining of thePadma & MeghnaRivers, Bangladesh.
c.3 km
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Rivers
…. and fans
Rakaia River, NZ
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Rivers … some deposits
• process• environment• geometry
Palaeo-Rakaia River deposit,Canterbury Plains,
NZ
Rudite/ conglomerate
Sandstone
Bedforms
Soft-sediment deformation
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Deltas(& deserts)
The Nile Delta
190 km
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Deltas –Mississippi
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• process• environment• thickness• variability• porosity/perm• structural control• palaeoclimate
Deltas
The Ganges Delta
354 km
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Deep Sea environmentsDelta front
Shelf
Canyons
Sinuous submarinechannels
Offshore SE Indonesia
• Mass movements• Drift deposits• Gravity flow deposits• Storm deposits
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Salt lakes:Lake Eyre,Australia
20th December 1983
22nd February 1984
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Salt lakes
4th March 1985
27th October 1984
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Salt lakes … deposits
Evaporite
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Differences between ‘clastics & carbonates
In carbonate environments, sediment is generally produced in-situ
In ‘clastic sediments thegrains & matrix are
usually the result of disintegration of the
parent rock, & transport into the depositional
environment
Carbonates
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Carbonates - reefs
Brain corals
Modern carbonate sediments are mainly composed of two minerals: calcite and aragonite.
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Carbonates
Carbonate formation may result in the following rocktypes:
limestone,chalk,dolomite.
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Volcaniclastic
Resultant deposits: • pyroclastic flows• debris flows/lahars• ash beds
Mt. St. Helens
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Volcaniclastic
Mt. St. Helens
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So …what and where's this?
OpportunityMars Rover
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OK…but you are asking…….why is Sedimentology important?
…… so name a few?
• oil, gas and coal (source, reservoir and seal)
• detrital sediments - heavy metals (e.g gold), diamonds etc
• industrial minerals - sandstones, clays, aggregates
• modern environments - management & planning (e.g. groundwater)
• input to environmental engineering
•deciphering ancient climates and climate change
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Reading for this time: B&D Chapter 1 “Definitions, rationale…’ or Boggs Introductory few pages (xvii-
xix) and look at structure of B&D text (main chapter headings etc)
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Next time: a very brief history of the subject and we’ll begin to look at weathering and sediment production……..